Coal Industry Need For Coal Produces Environmental Damage

Cassidy Selep Love AP Language 1 May 2015 Coal Craze: Need for Coal Produces Environmental Damage I sat quietly in the large van. Everyone was quiet. We were swaying back and forth as the car rounded each bend, moving with the mountain. The car slowly climbed up, revealing more peaks. I took in the atmosphere with every breath. The mountain rose and fell like sand dunes. Fog blanketed the mountaintop illuminating the green tree tops and emphasizing the dark leaves of others. The van continued in peace. As we swung around one last corner, the silence was broken and a unified gasp filled the vehicle. Our sight was stolen. The utopian mountaintop was replaced with flat, gray, barren land. The passengers were shocked and the murmurs bubbled†¦show more content†¦It is clearly stated in the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) that surface mining operations cause environmental and social damage â€Å"by impairing natural beauty, by damaging the property of citizens, by creating hazards dangerous to life and property by degrading the quality of life in local communities...† (#6). Surface mining causes more damage to the environment than other methods. Everything ranging from air and water pollution to degrading land and loss of biodiversity has been caused by surface mining. The Appalachian mountain region is the most diverse forest in the world. There are a large number of salamanders and migratory birds, along with waterways, the first link in the food chain that supports the entire forest. Valley fills, where overburden from surface mining is dumped, can cover up streams, thus breaking the food chain. In an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study, it was found that a large number of mayflies have disappeared. This may seem like a small loss, but it will affect other creatures in the future. As more and more chains break in the food chain, the less diverse the forest is. It was also found that the cerulean warblers, a migratory bird, has been decreasing in populatio n. In fact, over 40 years, the cerulean warbler has decreased by 82% (McQuaid). These small creatures are vital to the diverse ecosystem of the Appalachian mountains.

Literature Review - Review on Hris and Need for a Hris for...

Literature Review Article Review on Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) and need for a HRIS for Nurses in Public Health Sector in Sri Lanka Dr. Ravi R. Wickramaratne MBBS Postgraduate trainee in Biomedical Informatics Post Graduate Institute of Medicine University of Colombo Sri Lanka E-mail: raviwick@hotmail.com Abstract Shortage of human resource data for the health sector in many developing countries including Sri Lanka is a recognized drawback in managing Human Resources in Health (HRH). Currently the availability of staff, deployment and training data are received and maintained in a paper based system and analyzed manually at the Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka. This literature review outlines the strategic plan for†¦show more content†¦To address the above key issues, development and deployment of a centralized Health Resource Information System (HRIS) plays an important role in the Sri Lankan health sector. Global Initiatives in application of HRIS in HRH Most African countries rely on paper-based systems for HR management information, with mainframe computer systems located only in central ministries (e.g., Ministry of Finance) to run the payroll for all government departments. Countries using such manual systems tend to struggle with poor data access and accuracy, inefficient information delivery, fragmented and unshared data, payroll difficulties and a general lack of transparency [11]. The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa where, a HRIS has been introduced. One of the main components of that system is having an Electronic Nurse Register (ENR). The nurses and midwives licensed by the Nurses and Midwives Council in Malawi (NMCM) are currently indexed and easily retrievable in this database system. That data are made available to the NMCM on current facility for each clinician, this information is updated. Lists of facilities in each district, by facility type, and number of current nursing staff, list of facility owners, the total number of nurses employed, total number licensed and licensed percentage and the number of nurses licensed through the year are the reports generated by the ENR system. Ultimately HRIS supports overall Development and

Master Management Organization Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Master Management Organization Behavior. Answer: Personal Improvement Plan (PDP) A personal improvement plan is a standout with some of the first-rate tool for students and specialists who want to perform perfection of their particular fields. It uses the concept of reflection to empower one display the approach they have made to comfortable aptitudes and getting to know themselves (Becker et al, 2013). It empowers one to screen the progressions required in their existence and the powerless spots requiring exchange. The association offers a gauge to a man to see their development, and determine the abilities to be executed afterward. It enables within the accomplishment of personal and professional improvement goals. This is seeing that success requires arranging and objective putting. The goals set in the association should be clean and quantifiable (Argyris, 2012). Feedback and Personal Reflection (Personal Profiling) As shown by way of my underlying PDP, correspondence and social aptitudes acquiring changed into the fundamental goal for the semester. I had wanted to talk about more with my educators within the regions of my shortcomings. The usage of the educators' available time and the placing aside of extra possibility to connect to them empowered similarly comprehension of the ideas advised in elegance. This changed into a fundamental alternate, which I had to make. Amid this semester, i have possessed the potential to increase the degree of time went thru with educators on mastering after instructions and guaranteed that I am going over all that I found out in elegance. On the off danger that there was a factor or a thought that required elucidation, I have been forsaking it to myself to converse with the trainer to realize the idea earlier than the subsequent elegance (Betancourt, 2010). An instance of a PDP, it should be scrutinized together with the necessities plot under (Boyatizis, 2014). This test is typically short, minimal and intended to be valuable in surveying my power development. It enables me to reflect upon my late delight in and to focus on the accompanying period of my instructing and development. In venture with Becker et al, (2013) making a PDP has three levels as follows: Personal examination, the key segment is foreseen to analyze my persona notwithstanding shortcomings. I am ready to get the fitness to draw in enthusiastically on my profession along the edge of the results of research, which I had embraced. Those should be supplemented by methods for the unmistakable potential outcomes that permit you to have been discovered from my examination and some pertinence to my advance with accomplishments. Reason putting, this include setting down creative in addition to unquestionably perceptible focuses on this is demonstrated. A private development arrange offers evident course on perceiving this. Personal objectives; this section incorporates setting out my own one of a kind longings. Similarly, this is finished in setting in my individual work, as an approach to be helpful in fortifying its regard. Moreover, it offers me a feeling of focus that I am barely pre-occupied while I am undertaking an assignment. SWOT Analysis in Professional Development Strengths Leadership Ambition Energy Weaknesses Lack of inventiveness Lack of tenacity Lack of achievement Opportunities Industry Growth New and effective technology Increased demand for my skills in the industry Threats Increased job competition New professional norms hard to accomplish Certifications and/education standard that will impede career growth Attributes, Skill Knowledge (ASK) Effectively advising customers through troublesome circumstances requires a blend of interpersonal skills, adequate knowledge about the issues included and a large group of personal characteristics. Adjusting and balancing this data requires a manager to keep up a level head, trust in their capacities and an authentic enthusiasm for offering help. A prolific manager must have the capacity to exhibit an exhaustive comprehension of the directing procedure. There are various key personal qualities that they ought to likewise have, and which will make the restorative connections they have with their customers more powerful (Bob, 2010). These include: Compassion: Without this quality, a manager will be not be able to comprehend the issues, encounters, musings and sentiments of someone else, and will not have the capacity to offer customers the level of steady understanding that they will require. Consistency: This gives customers a dream of an instructor's certifiable understanding and steady nature. Positive Regard: Managers must have the capacity to fabricate guiding organizations on an understanding path and bona fide strength. With the goal for this to work and to urge a customer, a manager must have a characteristic compatibility with a customer. Regard: Managers must show regard for someone else, and their welfare, at all circumstances. They should likewise stay unbiased and non-judgmental. Testing skills: A customer should not go through a hard time when dealing with the company, if they are to gain ground amid the advising relationship. Having the capacity to recognize inconsistencies and empower positivity is a critical piece of the guide's part. Individual Skills Undivided attention, great interpersonal skills and a capacity to query, challenge, and reflect states of mind as well as convictions are all personal skills that can help a manager make an effective profession (Claudia, 2010). An enthusiasm for mindfulness and self-development will likewise guarantee that the manager or administrator keeps on building up their directing skills, while extending their own knowledge of themselves. A manager may also apply several added and important abilities inner a guiding relationship, and this will include notable arrangement and motivational abilities, vital thinking, authoritative potential and re-creation capabilities. Every manager brings their own terrific capacities, features and skills into a company, but need to at final guarantee that their patron feels included and sustained. Character knowledge Other than the advising abilities, and further authentications, a manager need to have, retaining in mind the end goal, to present a first rate service, the manager must likewise be ready with good enough non-public information and comprehension of what surely topics to management of an agency. Likewise, he/she has to be clear about a part of the manual and the desires and problems each customer will display. Furthermore, a manager must likewise act clearly mindful, and have to be liable for their sentiments, considerations and emotions at the same time as working with customers (Argyris, 2012). Character development An administrators very personal improvement need to be in a nonstop manner of growth, development and extension. They must show an enthusiasm for mindfulness, self-advising, paintings/life balancing, goal placing, attention and other crucial territories of self-know-how. Via his or her personal precise development, a manager will likewise get extra information and information, which they are able to use correctly to reinforce a patron amid the guiding technique (Bob, 2010). Review of Personal Strengths and Weaknesses (Limitations) Similarly, with every area of administration, I must change or increase the delineations to consider the great attributes of my singularity. My level of personal capacity is one component of approaches to amass my passionate knowledge. It fuses of self-discernment and self-administration the two key qualities. Self-discernment: this is my capability to see my own particular sentiments and their effects on various individuals and myself. It addresses the foundation of knowledge in light of the truth that without following and perception my own particular feelings it is far hard to move into the optional capacities like restraint and social discernment. Self-administration: develops my self-consideration, using my own particular quality of will to guarantee my feelings do not control me paying little regard to the condition. It incorporates making utilization of what I consider my feelings to each adapt to those feelings and impel myself. Self-consideration implies that I perceive how I feel and may precisely assess my personal enthusiastic knowledge. In a strengths and weaknesses investigation, I investigate my position in an organization, or the society. I also attempt to find an open door that exists for someone of my nature. My personal obstacles/issues that may prevent my advancement are assessed as well. A strengths and weaknesses investigation can likewise be known as a personal SWOT examination. Examining my own strengths and weaknesses clears up what the best next stride is and how I can enhance myself. It will likewise reveal to me more on where I might want to work and where I would have the capacity to perform well. The Examination of Strengths and Weaknesses in Appraisals An examination of strengths and weaknesses is frequently one of the themes of an evaluation. In vocation and development evaluations, they are utilized to pick up a thought of the territories I could enhance and the abilities I could convey. In choice appraisals, strengths and weaknesses assessments give businesses a reasonable thought of what I may possibly bring to the table and where any hindrances and purposes of change may be. Action Plan My strengths and weaknesses are outlined in the table below; Personal Characteristics Strength Weakness 1. Leadership aspiration to persuade and guide people; desire for authority; enthusiasm to take up dependability Yes 2. Inventiveness practical; decides and acts on changes No, needs improvement 3. Tenacity perseverance to overcome obstacles No, needs improvement 4. Energy mental, physical, and emotional vitality Yes 5. Ambition actively take steps to demonstrate my drive and determination; desire to get ahead Yes 6. Achievement attain standards of excellence, desire to complete challenging tasks and extend improved conduct to do things No, needs improvement 7. Drive - elevated effort and energy directed to achieving identified outcomes and goals Yes Relevancy of the Competencies Identified In Managing Change According to Horton (2010), dedication is not always solely focused over the importance of usefulness houses (thoughts) however on their application. Thus, Horton's (2010) compositions investigates the ordinary thought of wellbeing as a relationship of data, aptitudes and dispositions, that is, characteristic obtaining (down to earth individual approach). Through usefulness assessment, I ended up being convinced with energy that fundamental components of human ability could not be diminished to a posting of patterns, which are remotely perceived with work. To the chief, capacity change must be considered as in light of progressive work on focusing its appraisal at the development of organizations. Considerably more, I convey up that capacity change incorporates change in the shape and criticalness of work methodologies. The trouble then falls now not just on what constitutes gifts, in addition on how they are created. In generally speaking, Davis (2010) proposes, "data the essentialness of work" as the main level for describing capacity. The development of that relationship of acing and aptitudes comprises of adjustments in perception about work. In this way, for the significance of capacity, it begins developed from the knowledge or the way executives see abilities. Dodgson (2013) in perspective of the change of five orders comes up to the issue of expertise. Singular authority might be deciphered in this way as the need to make individual based self-picking up knowledge of, or self-development. Scholarly designs are perceived with appearance in genuine ways of life, wherein standard practices at canvases are tried, trying to blast the estimation of the organization's games in perspective of an additional essential and progressive capacity. Aggregate acing re-builds up the criticalness of participation as a strategy for making gathering and individual capacities and a typical or shared vision. Moreover, it demonstrates the need to explain each connection's particulars, and shows the confine of the view that views ability as a summary of patterns. Systemic pondering, in its flip, highlights the essentialness of the procedure instead of the event in gentle of formal practice fragments for development and game plan of directors. Conclusion Draganidis Mentzas (2016), in calling development from a relationship of predefined ways portrayed by means of organizations, and to a route described by methods for the individual. Whatever other duty to the examination of livelihood change took after the affirmation that womens callings infer one of a kind personal needs and unmistakable change comes closer from men. The examination of womens occupations significantly influenced the way companies see vocations. Assist canvases at the calling as a non-open change plan started from investigate her working distinguishing proof on the relationship with employment substitute and individual change, showing that desires of work and method for ways of life relentlessly make through life. Authoritative fitness is sensibly determined to have the association's business undertaking. This is going from the examination of center capacities to managerial capacities. The inconvenience lives in articulating the urgent stage with the practices stage and now not in describing the indispensable qualities for each of those levels. Managerial skill stays saw in perspective of a formerly settled best profile. It takes expression of that there is a slant to created goal arranged limit attributes, regardless of whether for reflected picture and additionally varying qualities (diverse excellence). The complement is character, which makes it intense to unite blend aptitudes. There is stress over lessening or completing the openings among present and pined for regulatory profile, which is finished through a capacity or execution assessment. The ones valuations are as yet being connected anyway it is far unrealistic to decisively gage occurs yet. In any case, the evaluation has both quantitative and subjective character and is not generally associated with a monetary acclaim. References Argyris, C. (2012) On Organizational Learning, Blackwell Publishers: Massachusetts Balestracci, D. (2013) Handling the human side of change, Quality Progress, vol. 36(11), pp. 38-45 Bartkus, B. (2014) Employee ownership as a catalyst of organizational change, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 10(4), 331-344 Becker, B., Huselid, M., Ulrich, D. (2013) The HR Scorecard Linking People, Strategy and Performance, Harvard Business School Press: Boston Bob Aubrey (2010) Managing Your Aspirations: Developing Personal Enterprise in the Global Workplace McGraw-Hill Boyatizis, R. (2014) The Competent Manager: a Model of Effective Performance. Wiley: New York Claudia C. B (2010) Managerial Competence Management, the Organizational Learning Contribution, School of Management and Economic studies, Brazil Davis, L. (2010) The Work Activity Briefing: a model for workplace learning and leadership, Dissertation, Master of Education: Brisbane Dodgson, M. (2013) Organizational Competence: a review of some literatures, Organization Studies, 14(3), 375-394 Draganidis, F., Mentzas, G. (2016) Competency-based management, A review of systems and approaches, Information Management Computer Security, 14, 5164 Horton, S. (2010) Introduction- the competency-based movement: Its origins and impact on the public sector, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13, 306318

Pleasure of Reading free essay sample

Reading a book is perhaps the greatest source of pleasure to a cultured person. Reading broadens his outlook, drives away his narrow prejudices and lightens up his mind with truth and knowledge. Books are our best friends. They never deceive or desert us in our hour of need like so many of our human friends, and the advantages once received from the reading of books remain with us throughout our lives. It is a great pleasure for us to read the books of the master minds of the past that have brightened up the ages with the strength and beauty of their vision. As we read their books, we seem to see them appear before us. We seem to talk with them and they also seem to instruct us through the medium of their books. Reading the great poetry of the past we seem to be carried away to a kingdom of joy and forgetfulness, a kingdom where there is no care, no worry, no anxiety. We will write a custom essay sample on Pleasure of Reading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We come to be acquainted with the master minds of the world like Valmiki, Kalidas, Tagore, Shakespeare, Milton and Shelley, Shaw, Yeats and Owen and many others through the medium of their literary productions and feel inspired by their beauty, grace and idealism. Reading books is also one way of passing our spare time. A person given to the reading of books can never find time hanging heavily on him. When you have time and no work to do take a book from the shelf and time will pass pleasantly. Reading also relieves us of our mental suffering. When one is struck down with sorrow he may, with a book in his hand, forget all his trouble in the comfort of his bedroom or under the shade of a tree. Reading not only gives us pleasure, it also enriches our mind. Through books we can reap the advantage from the experience of noble minds. Through it we come to have a keener insight into life and its problems, and a lasting interest in our neighbours and surroundings. Life does not have a dull and monotonous aspect any longer but in every page we come across fresh wonders and mysteries waiting for us. We have, however, to be very careful in our selection of books to read. In the world of today, we find countless writers writing very large numbers of books—good, bad and in-different. Before the invention of the printing press it was difficult for a man to get hold of the manuscript of a good book but now due to the great number of books available for reading it has become very difficult for us to choose what books to read and what to reject. The selection of proper books has now become a matter of great interest, as well as necessity to the reader. Luckily we are called up to select our reading only when we have finished our educational career. During the years spent in the school and college, the student gets very little time for selective reading as he has to concentrate his attention towards the text books prescribed in the schools and colleges. True education only begins when our educational career ends. A young graduate in the course of his conversation with his old professor, proudly remarked, I have just finished my education.

Ideal Healt And Insurence System Essays - Political Philosophy

Ideal Healt And Insurence System Essays - Political Philosophy Ideal Healt And Insurence System The development of liberal thought began in the seventeen-century England. Often, constitutional monarchy is perceived as a beginning of liberalism. Growth of commercial middle classes and wealth accumulation and consumption, leaded to a new, individualistic morality. The individual is a basic unit of the liberalism ideology. Supreme goals of a liberal political system are preservation of the individual and attainment of individual happiness. That includes the preservation of the individual properties, that is individual life, liberty and estate, and the task of the government was to help the individual in doing so. Individual is to be regarded as inviolable and human life as a sacrosanct, so the violence is prohibited except in preservation of liberal society. This ideology respects all persons as moral beings with equal sensitivity (but at the same time it doesnt take women in account.). Individual is assumed to be essentially rational, so it could be considered the prime source of value, which determines justification of participatory rather than authoritarian government. Liberalism diminishes importance of social whole, which is considered not to have any rights against individuals. This outlook can be called atomistic. Liberal theorists are u nwilling to invoke concepts such as the common good and public interests. The only common good they want recognize is the maximization of the aggregate of individual benefits. On the economic side 18th- and 19th-century liberalism based itself on the sovereignty of the market and the natural harmony of interests. On this view, if individuals are left free to pursue their self-interest in an exchange economy based upon a division of labour, the welfare of the group as a whole will necessarily be enhanced. Classical liberal economists describe a self-adjusting market mechanism free from all teleological influences. While moral goals are invoked and ethical criteria presupposed in passing ultimate judgment on the system, they play no part in determining the sequence of events within it. The one propelling force is the selfishness of the individual, which becomes harnessed to the public good because in an exchange economy he must serve others in order to serve himself. It is only in a free market, however, that this consequence can ensue; any other arrangement must lead to regimentation, exploitation, and economic stagnation. Spiritual side of individual was acknowledged in assumption that man is a free, rational and self improving being, and that his natural state is freedom. The duty of government was to provide the conditions to individual to enjoy the maximum possible freedom within a frame of law. The hallmark of the liberalism is a concern with the limits of authority and opposition to state interference with individual activities. Classical Liberals tend to define freedom in negative forms, for example, freedom from government regulation, and to opposite to almost all government activity. The role of the state is to perform as a device for performing the residual tasks which individual self-interest leaves undone. The guiding principle of historical liberalism has been an undeviating insistence on limiting the power of government. The main concept is that economic freedom is a key to individual liberty. On the other handand this is a basic difference between classical and contemporary liberalismmost liberals now believe that the dispensations of the market, as it has in fact operated, must be supplemented and corrected in substantive ways. They contend that enormous social costs incurred in production are not reflected in market prices, and that

How to Use the Partitive Genitive Case in Latin

How to Use the Partitive Genitive Case in Latin The  genitive case  is most familiar to English speakers as the case in which nouns, pronouns and adjective  express possession, says the clear-thinking  Classics Department  at the Ohio State University. In Latin, it is used to indicate relationships that are most frequently and easily translated into English by the preposition of: love of god, the driver of the bus, the state of the union, the son of God. In all these instances, the prepositional phrase modifies a noun; that is, the prepositional phrase acts like an adjective: love of God equals Gods love equals divine love. Genitive Genetic Relationship The last example shows the genetic relationship that gives the genitive case its name. Linguists who have studied this case have concluded that it is a convenient way of indicating relationships between nouns, or, put in more grammatical terms, the genitive case turns any noun into an adjective. There are several categories of the genitive, depending mainly on their function. The partitive genitive is one of these categories. Partitive Genitive: How It Works The partitive genitive case, or the genitive of the whole, shows the relationship of a part to the whole of which it is part. It starts with a quantity, such as a numeral, nothing (nihil), something (aliquid), enough (satis) and the like.  This quantity is part of a whole, which is expressed by a noun in the genitive case. The simplest example is  pars civitatis   part of the state. Here, of course, the state (civitas) is the whole, and this party is the part (pars). This [is] a useful reminder that the English expression all of the state is  not  partitive, since all is not a part; consequently, you cannot use the genitive in Latin here, only an adjective:  omnis civitas, says OSU. If you have a part of something, the thing  thats the whole is in the genitive case. The fractional part can be a pronoun, adjective, noun or numeral designating quantity, with a noun or pronoun showing the whole to which the some (or many, etc.) belongs. Most of the following examples show the part in the nominative case. The whole is in the genitive since it signifies of the whole. The English translation may or may not have a word like of marking the genitive case. Partitive Genitive: Examples satis temporis   enough of time or enough time.nihil clamoris   none of the shouting or no shoutingnihil strepitus   none of the noise or no noisetertia pars solis   the third part of the sunquorum primus ego  sum   of whom I am chiefquinque millia hominum   five thousand [of the] menprimus omnium   first of all (with omnium in the genitive plural)quis mortalium   who of mortals (with mortalium in the genitive plural)nihil odii   nothing of hatred (with odii in the genitive singular)tantum laboris   so much work (with laboris in the genitive singular) vs. tantus labor so great a labor which has no genitive and therefore is not the partitive genitivequantum voluptatis   how much delight (with voluptatis in the genitive singular)

The Use of Sociological Research in Public Debate Issues of Social Essay

The Use of Sociological Research in Public Debate Issues of Social Deviance - Essay Example On the other hand are the post modernists, who believed that these events are part of sociological change brought about by different factors, and thus, should not be remorsed but embraced. The two principles are governed by sets of reasons, but what drove them to stand is the information brought about sociological research. Sociological research on teenage pregnancy and co-habitation aims to transmit understanding to the people, in such a way that it would reconcile the traditionalist thought and modernist thought; however, it does not deny the possibility of widening the gap between the two principles. Sociology Sociology is the scientific study of the origins and development of organizations and the relationship of each person to their society. There is known to be an irrevocable relationship of an individual’s experiences to the whereabouts of his society; a person affects society as much as society affects the person (Newman, 2010, p. xxii). This seems to be a chicken-and- egg question, but truth remains that not one sociologist can pin point which affects whom and vice versa because society and people are two nondetachable elements. Sociological research’s use is to examine the problems of the society, the reasons of such problems, and if those problems are still considered problems in the modern world, especially that several factors are present influencing social issues. Plummer (2010, p. 3) sees Sociology as a â€Å"critique and wonderer† who continually thinks and appreciate the â€Å"complex patterns of social life.† Complex, in a sense that people’s social thoughts are evolutionary, and sometimes, more negative perspectives than the positive ones show, described by Plummer (2010, p. 4) as a â€Å"march of humanity’s inhumanity.† As varied as the cultures of people, sociological research respects cultural norms. The studies are helpful in beginning to end bigotry, and begin tolerance in understanding oth er cultures and stresses the importance of eliminating bias, although at times it may be unstoppable. Issues such as teenage pregnancy and cohabitation are two most common social deviants, where both are favorite topics of formal and informal arguments. Teenage Pregnancy and Early Motherhood as a Public Issue There are a number of factors which may contribute to the widespread of early sexual experience among teenagers. An alarming 41,329 girls under age 18 became pregnant in 2008 (Rogers, 2010). This statistical record is already around 3% lower than what the nation made in 2007 but the decrease is not really a significant number to rejoice about because it represents only a small percentage of the total pregnant teens’ population. Adding to the reckless potential of the media is the teenagers’ attitude itself towards sexual activities. In Liscio’s (2011) report, the issue holds a different case, mentioning about the brighter side of teenage pregnancy. Accordin g to the study, teenagers are more likely to â€Å"re-engage themselves at school once the baby is born.† This is probably due to a human’s parental instinct, that is one should have a child of his own, it is obligatory to give him or her brighter future. As education becomes a key of having better job opportunities, teenage parents do their best in academic performance. However, this does not make the issue at least acceptable because it is still an ongoing debate whether teenage pregnancy should be accepted as a part of change or should remain as a social taboo subject to restriction of discussion and adaption. Teenage mothers are forced to turn from single life’s luxury and face the responsibilities of motherhood

International Business Strategy - BOFFI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Strategy - BOFFI - Essay Example They started offering a wide range of products like baths, lights, faucets, and other accessories. Then the company started producing third product lines like panel wall, cabinets, cupboards etc. Eventfully they started diversification and brand extension in many markets. Boffi opened their monobrand shops in places like London, New York, Frankfurt and Miami. Boffi has made its presence known across many international markets due to its wide range of quality products. They have employed an international strategy for each of the country they operate. This report will look at the external and internal forces which Boffi faces in 3 countries, Italy, France and India. Italy has a framework of democratic, parliamentary and a multi party system. In Italy the legislative and executive are independent of each other. But recently Italy has faced a major turmoil in their political environment due to uprising of society against government of Italy. The new government of Enrico Letta is also in shaky ground. Thus present political condition of Italy is not good. The political condition of France is not stable. Presently only 20 percent of French population supports their President which lowest presidential rating in their history. This shows that the political situation of France is rather tense. Also there is presence of strict regulation for bathrooms in the country. Boffi had its presence in Italy since its time of inception. It faces challenges which they have been accustomed to. Italy is basically a capitalist economy, and it has a high per capita GDP. As part of European Union, Italy has a well established social and economic climate for companies to invest. The economy of France is somewhat different than other modern economies. It is described as a rouge economy where workers go constantly on strike and operations of a company is held captive by powerful

The Theory Of Colour Essay Example for Free

The Theory Of Colour Essay Colour surrounds us and as such will impact, critically, on the way we feel. Certain colours and colour combinations or tone are mood enhancing making us feel happy, peaceful or energised, other colours will make us make us feel sad, angry, agitated or subdued. Business, fashion and the media make full use of their understanding of colour to achieve their aims and this often results in colour trends that will make certain colours or combinations being dated and others modern or up to the minute. The considered use of colour and tone can also make locations or items more attractive and thus increase sales or create environments where sales are enhanced. E. g. In hotels or restaurants colour can be used to create an ambience such as classical to ensure that customers will return and high prices charged. In a fast food restaurant, where sales are limited colour and design will be used to encourage customers to eat quickly and leave. The psychology of colour shows the degree to which we are all affected at a subconscious level by colour. For example the colour pink is used to suppress feelings of anger and violence in disturbed adolescents. Colours can also be related to gender and sexuality as well as seen as relating to periods in history e. g. Egyptian, Classical, and Victorian etc. It is clear then that in order to be effective in the area of interior design one needs to understand and apply the theory of colour. This is achieved by assisting the client to determining the most appropriate colour scheme for them. This will be based on a fluent understanding of colour carefully applied to the taste, personality and preference of the client, their choice of style or period, and the atmosphere they wish to create e. g. formal, cosy. Pragmatically it will need to include the consideration of furnishings, the purpose of the room, the geography of the room, lighting and costs. It is also very important to know when the room is likely to be used the most as colours are dramatically affected by the quality of light. That is to say a colour scheme will look quite different in the evening than it will in the daytime. Rooms that are used frequently tend to lend themselves to a lighter colour treatment. Thus colour is the foundation on which the design for an interior is based and should include all aspects such as walls, ceilings, woodwork, furnishings, architecture and needs to also consider contrasts and textures. It is important to start by understanding the theory of colour and the development of the colour wheel. This is based on the three primary colours red, yellow blue, that cannot be mixed from any other colours These colours are then the first on the wheel and by mixing them together we can create the whole colour spectrum. Thus two primary colours when mixed will provide a secondary colour e. g. red yellow will create orange thus we have the secondary colours orange, green purple. Tertiary colours are achieved by mixing one primary and one secondary colour together. Thus blue (primary) mixed with purple (secondary) creates blue violet (tertiary). See attached colour wheel. The tone of a colour refers to how light or dark it is. When we add white to a colour we have a tint and when we add black we have a shade. The addition of grey both white and black, to a colour creates a depth of colour called a tone (Please see attached) Hue is the correct name for colour it is important to note that the best use both hue and tone will provide a successful colour scheme for a room this includes mixing separate colours to the same tone. Restricting darker or lighter shades to small areas such as skirting and rails.

Essay --

Abortion is a controversial issue in the today’s society. There are many opinions on the view of abortion, whether it’s positive or negative depending on the individuals’ perspective. First of all what is Abortion? Abortion is a medical process where the foetus is removed or terminated from the womb of the mother before it is born. The reason why I chose the topic abortion is because I was fascinated to hear that an estimated 80,000 - 90,000 surgical abortions are performed in Australia each year (Garratt, 2009). I find this issue important to address because Abortion is probably the world's most common surgical procedure (Arthur, 1999) and that it is increasing over the years, to the extent that people would find it commonly natural to abort the unborn child. By examining sources in relation to the issue, its creditability is its upmost importance so that we are able to understand the issue of abortion with clear understanding and judge for ourselves whether i t’s right or wrong. Journal First Criteria: Peer Review I believe the journal article I have chosen is credible because, peer reviewed journals are considered as the basis of academic research and professional knowledge. They present information that is in a clear and concise fashion, as a result leading to a high level of credibility. Also, the care and effort it takes to develop a publishable manuscript means it can be months between the time research is conducted and the results are even submitted for publication (Solomon, 2007). This indicates that time and effort has been put in the journal article to make the information that is being conveying to the audience authentic and that only the highest quality of research is published. The journal article that I have chose... ...atistics that was established plays on the emotion of the audience as they feel sympathy for the large amount of women that had died because of their first pregnancy. Furthermore statistics also increases the credibility of the article in two ways. Firstly, using statistics establishes that extensive research has been done making the audience believe that the stats provided are factual and reliable. Secondly, using statistics from reliable sources such as World Health Organization rises the credibility of the article. The article that I have chosen is credible because the author John Flynn used statistic from different sources as well as quotes from experts to back up his statement, and also most importantly statistics sticks with the audience even after reading the article. Hence statistics are one important factor that makes an article credible and reliable.

Feminism theory Essay

The article â€Å"Just Say No? † by Celia Kitzinger and Hannah Frithspeaks explains why it is important for women to be able to refuse. Special attention is paid to development of feminism perspective on sexual refusal. As the author states young girls and women find it difficult to refuse unwanted sexual relations. Therefore, the author discusses main reasons of being afraid to refuse and consequences of unwanted sexual relations. Further, it is necessary to mention that the article provides detailed overview of feminism theory, core issues and beliefs stating that it is necessary to develop refusal skills to avoid unpleasant situation. The author provides also recommendations how to prevent rape. Firstly, she defines refusals as â€Å"complex conversational interactions, incorporating delays, palliatives, and accounts†. Kitzfinger admits that nowadays training of refusal skills aims at teaching â€Å"just say no† instead of paying attention to the mentioned issues. Therefore, young women should be taught assertiveness skills along with refusal and social ones. The author claims that women should be afraid of refusing directly and unapologetically. The author presents also literature review of existing practices of refusing. Secondly, according to empirical data, â€Å"women already can explicitly articulate a sophisticated awareness of these culturally normative ways of doing refusals†. It is emphasized that the focus is only on conversational problems, though rape education, refusal skills programs and theoretical rationale are involved as well. Nevertheless, the problem of sexual coercion can’t be solved only by changing the ways women talk, behave and refuse. The author is rather persuasive, because she uses logical arguments, conclusions, facts and viewpoints of different critics to defend her position that women should be more aware of refusal skills. The article leads through abundant data presented to persuade women to be more self-respected, not to be afraid to refuse unwanted sex or simply unpleasant interactions with men. The question appears on the agenda: why women find it difficult to refuse? References Kitzinvger, C. & Frith, H. (1999). â€Å"Just Say No? The Use of Conversation Analysis in Developing Feminist Perspective on Sexual Refusals†. Discourse Society, 10, 293-312.

Health and Modern Life Essay

The Way Eating Habits Has Affected My Life Its really astonishing how much our eating habits influence our every day life. From the economy, to the health issues†¦ Premium Life Style Affecting Students Health and create awareness among the youth regarding their lifestyle and the way it affects their health. LITERATURE REVIEW I had gone through many articles and†¦ Premium see more:jam topic about internet Drawing On The Concepts You Have Studied In Block 1, Critically Reflect On The Ways In Which Your Own Life Course†¦ in Block 1, critically reflect on the ways in which your own life course has affected how you work in, or use, health and social care. We are now living in†¦ Premium Critically Reflect On The Ways In Which Your Own Life Course Had Affected How You Work In, Or Use, Health And†¦ course to reflect own. Reflecting on the ways in which my own life course had affected how I work in the health and social care sector helped me as an individual in†¦ Premium Technology, Human Beings And The Fate Of The Earth: a Social Critique Of Modern Life worlds, via the latest form of technology. I suspect that our modern sense of security has been entrained to operate in collusion with these technological devices†¦ Premium The Affect Of Health Care Reform On Women’s Health topic of healthcare reform and its affect on womens health is an important issue to our group; we are young women of modern society, who come from all walks of life†¦ Premium Media And Modern Life opportunities and new possibilities to make use of our lives to live a modern life. And hand in hand with all these inventions go media, very closely interconnected†¦ Premium Science In Modern Life that are now easily treated nowadays. The vital role of science in modern life is not overstated in view of todays world. Scientific knowledge has improved the†¦ Premium Durkheim’s Theory Of Anomie And Marx’s Theory Of Alienation Have Had a Very Strong Influence On The†¦ and evaluate their merits. The analysis will cover various aspects of modern life under the two theories and seek to establish which provides a more convincing†¦ Premium How Does Pollution In Large Cities Affect Human Health? the biggest problem in the future. Finally, water pollution also affects human health. Industrial waste has been dumped into nearby water as often as into the air†¦ Premium The Role Of Computers And The Internet In Modern Life The role of computers and the Internet in modern life Nearly everything we do in this world is helped or even controlled by computers. So it is difficult to†¦ Premium Some Ways The Enviornment Affects Human Health Some Ways That The Environment Affects Human Health? Air Pollution Air pollution is one obvious environmental health threat in OECD countries, contributing to a†¦ Premium Social Networking In Modern Life in general and the Internet in particular that has created a new aspect of modern life. Among these social networks, Facebook is the most popular with millions of†¦ Premium How Do The Different Sources Of Power In Ian Kramer’s Life Shape His Experience Of Health And Social Care? that doesnt affect his daily life as it did previously. Even though Ian doesnt have the power-to take action and make the changes like the health professionals†¦ Premium Different Cultural Practices In The Philippines Which Could Affect Our Health Different religious practices that can affect our health. Religious beliefs cause patients to forego needed medical care, refuse life-saving procedures, and stop†¦ Premium How Drugs Can Affects The Health And Physical Development Of a Child five general types of factors which can affect the health and physical development of children, one of these factors is lifestyle. Lifestyle factors are the way in†¦ Premium â€Å"Modern Gadgets: Daily Useful Applications Versus Health Hazard To Mankind†Modern Gadgets: Daily other hand, as we enjoy the amazing applications of these modern gadgets, people dont claim the fact that it can pose health hazards to them. Although these gadgets†¦ Premium

Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Learning Types

Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Learning Types In the world of online education, or distance learning, classes can be asynchronous or synchronous. What does it mean? Synchronous When something is synchronous, two or more things are happening at the same time, in synchronicity. They are in sync. Synchronous learning takes place when two or more people are communicating in real time. Sitting in a classroom, talking on the telephone, chatting via instant messaging are examples of synchronous communication. So is sitting in a classroom a world away from where the teacher is speaking via teleconferencing. Think live. Pronunciation: sin-krÉ™-nÉ™s Also Known As: concurrent, parallel, at the same time Examples: I prefer synchronous learning because I need the human interaction of communicating with someone as if they were in front of me. Synchronous Resource: 5 Reasons You Should Sign Up for a Workshop Asynchronous When something is asynchronous, the meaning is opposite. Two or more things are not in sync and are happening at different times. Asynchronous learning is considered more flexible than synchronous learning. The teaching takes place at one time and is preserved for the learner to participate in at another time, whenever it is most convenient for the student. Technology such as email, e-courses, online forums, audio and video recordings make this possible. Even snail mail would be considered asynchronous. It means that learning is not taking place at the same time that a subject is being taught. Its a fancy word for convenience. Pronunciation: Ä -sin-krÉ™-nÉ™s Also Known As: non-concurrent, not parallel Examples: I prefer asynchronous learning because it allows me to sit down at my computer in the middle of the night if I want to and listen to a lecture, then do my homework. My life is hectic and I need that flexibility. Asynchronous Resources: Tips to Help You Rock Your Online Classes

Loanwords from 12+ Unexpected Languages

Loanwords from 12+ Unexpected Languages Loanwords from 12+ Unexpected Languages Loanwords from 12+ Unexpected Languages By Mark Nichol Language chauvinists in the United States who believe that English is being polluted by other tongues should pause to consider how few words in our language actually derive from Anglo-Saxon, the predecessor of Modern English. One survey determined that only one-fourth of the words in English come from its linguistic ancestors. That total is exceeded by words directly from Latin (including medical, scientific, and technical terms) and from Latin’s collective daughters, such as French and Italian: Each source accounts for about 28 percent of our vocabulary. Greek contributed another 5 percent, proper names are responsible for another 3 percent, and all other languages combined add up to less than 1 percent. But what a rich slice of the pie that last sliver is! Even though English already had a word for many of the concepts those foreign-born terms represent, the language is always generous when it comes to making room for synonyms, which often acquire distinct connotations. I’ve omitted examples from the usual suspects, but check out these terms adopted into English from less-obvious languages, language groups, and regions: 1. Afrikaans Contributions from the South African language descended from Dutch include apartheid (â€Å"apartness†), trek (a long journey, originally one on foot), and names of indigenous animals such as the aardvark (â€Å"earth pig†) and the meerkat (â€Å"lake cat†); scoff, from which English derived scarf (in the sense of â€Å"to wolf down†) and wildebeest (you figure it out) are from a forerunner of Afrikaans called Cape Dutch. 2. Czech Pistol is said to have derived from the Czech word pistala (with several diacritical marks omitted here), though the name of Pistoia, a city in Italy, may have been the inspiration. Howitzer comes from the word for a catapult. Robot, from the Czech word for drudgery, was introduced in a play. But don’t associate the Czechs exclusively with war and toil, they, not the Poles, as is widely believed, coined the dance name polka (â€Å"little half†). 3. Hungarian Coach, from kocsi, derived from the place name Kocs, is taken from Hungarian in both its noun and verb forms. Saber comes from szablya. The names for the dog breeds komondor, puli, and vizsla are all of Hungarian origin, as are the names for goulash and paprika. 4. Irish Galore comes from go leor (â€Å"til plenty†). Other borrowings from Irish include glen (â€Å"valley†), phony (fainne, â€Å"ring†), slew (sluagh, â€Å"a large number†), and whiskey (uisce beatha, â€Å"water of life†). Scots and Scottish Gaelic provided many more words, including the obvious bard, clan, and plaid and the unexpected pet and trousers. Of indeterminate Gaelic origin are brogue (the shoe, not the accent; that’s definitively from Irish), hubbub, and smidgen. 5. Malay This South Asian language has given enriched English with amok, bamboo, compound, gingham, gong, junk (boat), launch (both the noun meaning â€Å"boat† and the verb and noun referring to setting off), and paddy, and the animal names cassowary, cockatoo, gecko, orangutan, and siamang. 6. Maori This language from New Zealand gave us the animal names kiwi, mako (shark), moa, and tuatara. 7. Scandinavian Norwegian contributions include the geographical terms fjord and floe, and ski, plus slalom and telemark (from a place name), as well as the animal names brisling (a fish), krill (a relative of the shrimp), and lemming (a rodent). Swedish words used in English include ombudsman, smorgasbord (â€Å"sandwich table†), tungsten, and fartlek, the unfortunate name for a training technique for runners that has nothing to do with flatulence. These words borrowed into English cannot be traced to a particular Scandinavian language: cog, flense (to strip blubber), flounder, lug, maelstrom, midden (kitchen-waste heap), mink, nudge, rig, snug, spry, and wicker. Dozens more entered English from Old Norse over a thousand years ago, including such basics as anger, ball, and cake. 8. Tagalog The original language of the Philippines loaned us boondocks (bundok, â€Å"mountain,† or bunduk, â€Å"hinterland†). We also have Tagalog to thank for cooties (kuto, â€Å"head lice†). 9. Tamil The language originating in India has shared catamaran (â€Å"tie up wood†), cheroot (â€Å"roll,† or â€Å"rolled†), corundum (â€Å"ruby†), and pariah, plus the food names curry (â€Å"sauce†), mango, and mulligatawny (â€Å"black pepper† and â€Å"water†). Various languages of India besides the major players Tamil and Hindu also contributed atoll, bandicoot, bungalow, calico, mongoose, pajamas, polo, and verandah. 10. Ukrainian This Slavic language contributed steppe, plus the food names borscht (beet soup), kasha (porridge), and pierogi (stuffed dumpling). 11. Welsh Welsh, harsh looking but mellifluous, is the origin of coracle (boat), crag (rock), cwm (valley, related to English combe), and likely flannel. Its nearly extinct cousin Cornish gave us brill (mackerel), dolmen (stone tomb), menhir (standing stone) yes, men means â€Å"stone† and penguin (â€Å"white head†), which could alternatively have come from yet another Celtic language, Breton. 12. One- or Two-Hit Wonders Some other languages gave only one or two words to English, but we should be grateful for what we can get: Finnish: sauna Ilokano (related to many languages of the South Pacific): yo-yo Romanian: pastrami (a pastra, â€Å"to preserve†), though it may derive ultimately from Turkish or Greek Romani (Gypsy): pal (â€Å"friend,† â€Å"brother†; originally, like dozens of other English words, from Sanskrit) Sami (a group of indigenous languages from northern Scandinavia): tundra Serbo-Croatian: vampire and cravat (from Hrvat, the Croatians’ word for themselves) Slovak: dobro (the instrument, from its inventors, the Dopyera brothers Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know20 Rules About Subject-Verb AgreementIf I Was vs. If I Were

Ethics and morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and morals - Essay Example Experiencing art evokes emotional responses and heightens one’s awareness. For instance, a song on the radio can captivate and sustain a reflective thought. The esthetic experience is more than merely listening to a song, and one can feel immersed at the moment. Such an aesthetic experience can be used to enhance ones perception and imagination of moral events. The same song may be experienced differently by a second party since perception is dependent on experience. Similarly, moral perception abilities vary from one individual to another and are shaped by the individual’s background and personality. Therefore, learning experiences centered on aesthetics can help in developing moral perception and imagination by providing opportunities to see more subjectively into human situations. I believe the author captures the relevance of aesthetic experience in the development of moral perception and imagination and, therefore, the need to use them in educational ethics for classroom educators. For an educator, such qualities are necessary for solving educational dilemmas and encourages the need to develop these qualities of perception and imagination. The author noted that the aesthetic experience and use of the case study had different responses from the students. The question of the impact of case studies of typical educational ethics in class and aesthetic experiences should be compared and discussed from the students’

Business Consultants Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Consultants - Assignment Example This is because their skill set in general matches the required skill set of Event Planning in a satisfactory manner. This type of work requires extensive planning and an ability to deal with problems on the spur of the moment. It entails coming up with quick solutions to crises! Most of the team members possess these skills. Team members possess sound negotiation and leadership skills which are mandatory for an event management consultant firm. This is because organizing an event is a multi-faceted task which requires a lot of people working on a project. Without a leader things can get out of hand. Another reason why these members will be appropriate for the above mentioned firm is because their customer orientation and support of others is high in addition to them being assertive as well. In any consultancy firms, customer orientation and regard for customers is essentially required and can never be done without. This is because a touch point between the customer and the company i s the employee. Lastly, this type of work requires creativity and idea generation which most members of the group have. Pharmaceutical Marketing is different from mainstream marketing. Its target market comprises; doctors and medical institutions mainly. Therefore a different skill set is required for such a firm. Since it requires training of sales reps for pharmaceutical companies, an understanding of the sales person's job is required. The team scores high on sales men skills which is therefore fit for the firm. It requires a certain degree of sensitivity to market pharmaceutical goods. Marketers must be sensitive and responsive to the needs of the customer especially in this area because medicines are critical substances, often used in life and death situations. This is also a skill which the team members possess abundantly. Other than that being good with details and attention to details are qualities every consultancy needs. The team members aptly possess these skills. Work Place Etiquette: Work place etiquettes are extremely significant in order to establish ethical guidelines and code of conduct in a company. Consultancies dealing in this area need to have people who are persistent and committed to making things better in the organizational landscape. This is because etiquettes and codes of conduct take time in being implemented in organizations. Therefore; persistence is a key skill, which the team members do have. Also, the ability to be persuasive and to be able to reason with people is essential for this type of firm. This is because people often have conflicting views on work ethics and morals which need to be resolved. The team rates well on this attribute. Lastly, being a problem solver helps in this type of industry. The team members also rank high on this skill and would therefore be highly appropriate for this type of firm. References: 1. (n.d). Business Consultant; Speaker/Trainer/Writer. Retrieved 1st September, 2007 from Job Profiles, Your Guide to Career and Education Website: www.

Conservation of momentum Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conservation of momentum - Lab Report Example During the experiment one should ensure that at least three readings for a particular step are taken then an average of the reading obtained so as to minimize the errors of parallax. The experiment needs to be done at least twice to confirm the recorded values and minimize the errors. The stop watch and all the apparatus used for the experiment needs to be observed before the beggining of the experiment to ascertain their efficiency. The experiment could also be done in an area with vacuum conditions in order to minimize the interferences in obtaining the readings due to air resistance. The two values for V obtain in part 1 and part 2 are not as close as they are expected. This is so due to the errors during the experiment. Without errors, the two values of velocity should be the same. Reanalyzation of the tale values using the largest h fails to make any significant change in the final results of v (Susan 10). The fact is that the two values fail to be as close as they are expected to be. However repeating the entire experiment while avoiding the experimental errors may give out values that are close to the theoretical

Music value chain

Music value chain 1. Introduction The music industry has been facing radical changes during the last few decades due to the introduction of IS technologies which have reshaped it in depth. More particularly the music value chain has been experiencing an intensive change and evolution in many aspects: the distribution to consumer is more direct, intermediating parties are reducing and prices are constantly changing. The internet, an open information system, legally and illegally paves the way to the creation of a fresh music product, offering more choices to consumers. Consumers are now able to listen to music in electronic forms: MP3s and ringtones are procured in a large scale through internet. The IS delivery vehicle has undoubtly added value to the consumers. But what about the â€Å"Big 4† music companies?[1] How have they accepted this major shift in their business industry? Have they tried to resist or more essentially are they able to resist and is that kind of reaction to their best interest? The industry that celebrated its success in the Nineties now has to restate its position. The numbers are alerting: â€Å"Die Welt† newspaper reports a 16% dropping turnover for sound storage media. Nonetheless the music industry story has not yet ended. It is rather being written from the beginning. Since the old business model does not function at all under the shade of the IS, companies have to use the new technologies and cope with the fast pacing development. In my opinion what is most of the times considered as danger could be proved a great opportunity. The music industry is not perishing; it is just reforming. People will always need music and music companies will continue to exist as long as they decide to adapt to the new IS reality. We are referring to a reformation of something that could be an entirely innovative business opportunity. Apple with the first online music store, i-Tunes, paves the way to a new era and steals a big piece of the music market pie. 2. The music industry: A continuously reshaping industry The music industry history is mainly a story of innovation that goes back to the 18th century. Music creation is as old as human existence but the effort to market and commercialize music counts only a few centuries; In the mid 18th century composers like Amadeus Mozart started searching ways to sell their music and performances to the general public. In the 19th century sheet music, a hand-written or printed form of musical notation, was the core product sold by the music industry but it conveyed an important limitation: it was addressed to a particular audience, people who could read music notation. In the 20th century the sheet industry was replaced by the â€Å"record industry†. The source that led to this reshaped environment was technological innovation. The label corporations commonly known as the â€Å"Big 6†: BMG, EMI, MCA, PolyGram, Sony and WEA, dominated the music industry. Today the â€Å"Big 6† have transformed into the â€Å"Big 4† after Sony merged with BMG. The following graph depicts each labels share[2]. The most important stages in music industrys evolution in the 20th century were: The introduction of cassettes (around 1960). The introduction of walkman: The era of transportable music begins (around 1980s). The introduction of CDs: CDs opened a window of wide capabilities for music consumers. (1990). At this point the music industry boomed: the market growth was huge and mark ups were fairly large. Nevertheless the CD fairy tale would soon come to an end: After 1995 the market started inevitably shrinking. The increasing internet penetration along with the large price decline of hardware and software enhanced the IT industry development. The music industry was not unaffected by the emerging transmission possibilities of digital information, which could take the form of music information as well. It was time for digital distribution and digital production to take the lead. The technological improvements created a safe ground for entrepreneurs to step in: They had the tools and it was about time to put them together and create the opportunity. Further on we will refer to two successful business models that give us a good idea of what the future music industry will be all about: Napster and Apples i-tunes. 3. Recent trends and challenges emerging from the use of IT and IS in the music industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As stated the music industry has been experiencing a variety of challenges because of the fast pacing technological development. New forms of competition have entered the business game antagonising the â€Å"Big 4† and deeply transforming the music value chain. All major stakeholders in the business -artists, consumers and companies- have been affected in numerous ways. The music companies are on the side of the losers: They have tried to resist and have won some battles but they knew from the start that eventually the war would be lost. The technological development cannot be stopped as the earth will not stop revolving around the sun. a. Digital technologies. Which where the core technological developments that have led to the reformation of the music industry? According to Nguyen-Khac T. Q.[3], the parallel evolution of the following four technologies has created an amazingly new business environment: Software development has enabled a fast exchange of data through internet. Compression technology and encryption solutions are only some of the tools currently used by consumers. Additionally, the use of user friendly operation systems (like Windows in contrast to MS-Dos) has enabled people of different backgrounds, ages and abilities to take advantage of all benefits offered by a PC. Hardware development. Personal PC was not always a massive product due to its high cost. Throughout the years prices declined thanks to the decreasing costs that led to massive production (economies of scale). Transportation technology development and more essentially the appearance of internet. The innovation of P2P and network technology. The impact of the above development has been severe for the music industry. A demonstrative example concerning the way P2P affected the music industry was Napster. The illegal download platform Napster was a file sharing service which took advantage of the P2P file sharing technology. The way P2P works is depicted below.[4] Napster became popular in college campuses. The main idea was that each person connected to the network had to share a portion of his private music library in exchange to download everything anyone else had made available. The transaction costs were limited to the connection fee. The result was that all of a sudden an enormous library of music, of all kinds, was created. RIIA brought Napster to court and Napster eventually lost the trial however its pattern has been the source of inspiration for other similar concepts. Although Napster was shut down the decline of the â€Å"Big 4† revenues did not stop. In contrast it was enhanced by the negative publicity emerging by the law sue against Napster. In addition to Napster and P2P networks, the general hardware and software development has enabled consumers copy and save digital music data for private use on their computers. This phenomenon was called piracy but some consumers have considered it as a fair game since the music companies have gained millions for decades now by imposing prices with high profit margins taking advantage of the oligopoly they have created. Moreover consumers in the past were obliged to buy songs in the form of â€Å"album batches†, paying an entire album even though they were truly interested to obtain 2 or 3 songs which were worth spending money for. The use of new technologies enables consumers to resist to this type of constraints, imposed by the music companies. The music companies have iteratively launched campaigns against piracy nevertheless they cannot bend the existing consumer behavior which is based on the perception that exchanging music is a non harmful procedure containing no ethic al dilemmas. b. New technologies leading a new business model: The traditional model versus the new e-value chain model. Under the shade of IS and IT the music value chain has been transformed to an â€Å"e-chain†. In the traditional model there was a tangible product the CD but in the new model the product is intangible; it is the information itself. In the Australian Conference on Information Systems the following conceptual model was presented.[5] As depicted, in the new model, the MP3 file -now considered as the product- is distributed to consumers through online music stores, mobile content providers or artist websites. Moreover music can now be recorded in home studios instead of professional recording studios and be distributed in the already described ways instead of being sold in the form of CDs, through retail stores. The benefits acquired by this new model concerns mainly consumers but also the â€Å"music product† suppliers. First of all the cost of production is substantially reduced and the manufacturing costs are completely eliminated. Also intermediaries, mainly distributors are kicked out of the supply chain since they are not needed. All these changes have as a result a minimum cost for the music provider, easy and fast access to the product for the consumer who also has the chance to pick products (music tracks) in an appealing price and according to his preferences. This dynamic and flexible structure will eventually lead to the proliferation in the number of people involved in the supply chain. Additionally the role of the consumer and artist is now more essential. It is not anymore a game of four since there are no barriers (high production cost, competitive advantage due to full vertical integration) to enter this reformed music industry. c. Current market trends: The financial impact of IT and IS on the ‘Big 4 As previously analyzed the â€Å"Big 4† have developed an aggressive strategy against the new business environment emerging from the development of IS and IT. Even though they managed to shut down Napster practically they are unable to stop the creation of similar models. Even worse they insist on retaining the traditional model and hesitate to take the next step. Agility seems to be one of their least considerations and thats why it is no surprise each year their revenues are dramatically declining. Even if the music market is facing a shrinking trend, the digital sales piece of the pie is getting larger. According to IFPI revenues for cassettes, CDs and vinyl in the world dropped 25%, from $38.6 billion in 1999 to $29 billion in 2007.[6] Analysts at Forrester Research state that â€Å"music sales in the US will decline to $9.2 billion in 2013, from $10.1 billion in 2008†[7]. 4. The future While the music companies remained oblivious to the technological changes the music economy was reshaping and a company unrelated to music made the decisive step to create an innovative business model based on online legal distribution taking advantage of the benefits provided by mp3 files. This company was Apple who literally took the bread out of the mouth of the music companies. In 2003 it officially launched the first online music store: i-Tunes. The price model used was very attractive to consumer: each download cost 0.99 cent. Apple managed to offer a one stop shop to customers by exploiting the internet and digital distribution options. This awe inspiring impetus in the music industry panicked the music companies. They tried to defend their market share against digital distribution through law sues and merges instead of being flexible and adoptive to the increasingly transforming environment and making use of the new tools offered by the development of IT and IS. That enabled Apple to made the check mat move. The core competencies of Apples platform are speed, usability and cost effectiveness. Apples success was remarkable; in its first two online weeks it sold over two million songs[8]. This fact was largely due to the highly integrated system used. The music companies, now more than ever, have to create their own business model of an online music supply pattern. The use of IT in music industry can be considered an order winner for Apple whereas for the â€Å"Big 4† an emerging necessity to keep them in business. Current trends show that the use of IT will become an order qualifier. While executives of the music companies like John Rose, a former executive of EMI appear reluctant, believing that nothing ensures â€Å"that digital economics can make up for the drop in physical†[9] Atlantic, a unit of Warner Music Group claims that half of its sales come from digital music product sales. The future belongs to the digital music business and even if the core product music tracks in the form of mp3- does not make up for the losses from CD sales there are many supportive products such as: ringtones, ringbangs, subscription services that can compensate. 5. Conclusion As analyzed the use of IT and IS has brought a revolution in the music industry: Customers attain more bargaining power since the monopoly of â€Å"The Big 4† converted into a world of many â€Å"dot† choices. The exploitation of the benefits created by the recent developments has proved profitable; i-Tunes and Atlantic are the most prominent examples. Hence, there is a great opportunity ahead, if innovation is perceived to generate revenues and if more direct distribution options are used to cut off costs. The music companies have a negative perception about the use of open information systems in selling music and tried ineffectively to fight back. Instead they should have tried to respond to the challenge and reform their business model in order to survive in the music market. Being reluctant to adopt the new technology only gives way to companies such as Apple to take the lead along with their business share. 6. Bibliography Arango T., November 26 2008. â€Å"Digital Sales Surpass CDs at Atlantic† New York Times. Emerson G. M., 2007. â€Å"The Apple iTunes Music Store: How Apple Got it Right†, Advertizing and marketing report. http://www.admarketreview.com/public_html/air/ai200308.html (Glen Emerson Morris has been a senior consultant for Yahoo!, Ariba, WebMD, Inktomi, Apple, and Adobe.) Moloney, Belinda; Cybulski, Jacob; and Nguyen, Lemai, â€Å"Value Perception in Music Information Systems† (2008). ACIS 2008 Proceedings. Paper 73 Nguyen-Khac T. Q., 2003. The music industry in a dilemma (research paper for the ITS conference Helsinki, August 2003. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry#History Sony BMG, Universal, Warner, EMI World music market sales shares, according to IFPI (2005) from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry#History Nguyen-Khac T. Q., 2003. The music industry in a dilemma (research paper for the ITS conference Helsinki, August 2003 Nguyen-Khac T. Q., 2003. The music industry in a dilemma (research paper for the ITS conference Helsinki, August 2003. Moloney, Belinda; Cybulski, Jacob; and Nguyen, Lemai, â€Å"Value Perception in Music Information Systems† (2008). ACIS 2008 Proceedings. Paper 73 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry Arango T., November 26 2008. â€Å"Digital Sales Surpass CDs at Atlantic† New York Times. Emerson G. M., 2007. â€Å"The Apple iTunes Music Store: How Apple Got it Right†, Advertizing and marketing report. http://www.admarketreview.com/public_html/air/ai200308.html Glen Emerson Morris has been a senior consultant for Yahoo!, Ariba, WebMD, Inktomi, Apple, and Adobe. Arango T., November 26 2008. â€Å"Digital Sales Surpass CDs at Atlantic† New York Times.

Edgar Allan Poe?s ?The Philosophy of Composition? :: essays research papers

Shortly after Edgar Allan Poe had completed his masterpiece, â€Å"The Raven† and sold it for $15 in 1845, he composed an essay entitled â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition†. In the essay, he claims that writing a poem was a methodical process, much like solving a mathematical problem. Poe emphasized that a poem should be read and enjoyed in one sitting, thus concluding that a poem should be around 100 lines long (The Raven was 108 lines long). Poe also states that his method of writing a poem consists of writing it backwards. Each section of the poem relies heavily upon alliteration and alternating interior rhythms. Poe used a method to appeal to both popular and critical tastes by hitting upon the most melancholic of all subjects: the death of a beautiful woman. "The death†¦of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetic topic in the world – and equally is it beyond the doubt that the lips best suited for such topic are those of a bereaved lover". Of all the themes, he chose death, because it was an emotion that everyone can relate to. Poe believed that the most poetic use of the theme death was the death of a beautiful woman. Having the theme and subject planned out, he composed his poem backwards, adding uses of the word â€Å"nevermore†. The alliteration of â€Å"nevermore† builds tension, stanza by stanza. Poe wanted to create poetry of feeling, to be able to relate the reader with the narrator. However, it has been suggested that â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition† was a hoax, and it is unlikely that it is an account of his poem, â€Å"The Raven†. Scholars are skeptical because he enjoys revealing his secrets a little too much in that he loved to explain and analyze his writing skills.

On the Consequential Validity of ESP tests in Iran

The eventful facet of concept cogency has been defined in different ways. Harmonizing to Messick ( 1989 ) eventful cogency includes grounds and principles for measuring the intended and unintended effects of mark reading and usage in both the short- and long term, peculiarly those associated with prejudice in hiting and reading, with unfairness in trial usage, and with positive or negative washback effects on instruction and acquisition. However, this signifier of grounds should non be viewed as a separate type of cogency, say, of ‘consequential cogency ‘ or, worse still, ‘washback cogency ‘ ( Messick, 1998 ) . Whereas, Bachman ( 1990 ) and Bachman & A ; Palmer ( 1996 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. The impact of trial usage operates at two degrees: a micro degree, in footings of the persons who are influenced by the peculiar trial usage, and a macro degree, in footings of the educational system or society ( Bachman & A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . In this survey, following the taxonomy of Bachman and Palmer, the effects of trials on instruction and acquisition are viewed washback effects and the effects on single interest holders i.e. , scholars, instructors, parents, and test takers ‘ household members, and society are considered as impact. Since a few decennaries ago, the impacts of different linguistic communication trials either at macro or micro degrees have been studied. The literature reappraisal indicates that there has been a general consensus that high-stakes trials produce strong washback. High-stakes trials are those whose consequences are used to do of import determinations which instantly and straight impact the trial takers ( Luxia, 2005 ; Madaus, 1988 ; Shohamy, 1993a, 1993b, 2001 ) and other stakeholders such as instructors who are assisting the trial takers to go through the trials, and the other participates who are engaged in course of study development and class designing ( Baily, 1999 ; Spolsky, 1997 ) . The term ‘backwash ‘ has been used to mention to the manner a trial influences learning stuffs and schoolroom direction ( Hughes,1989 ) , although in applied linguistics and linguistic communication proving community the term ‘washback ‘ is more widely used today ( Weir 1990 ; Alderson & A ; Wall 1993 ; Alderson, 2004 ) . Washback is by and large known as being either negative or positive ( Taylor,2005 ) . Negative washback is said to happen when the content or format of a trial is based on a narrow definition of linguistic communication ability, and so constrains the teaching/learning context. Positive washback is said to ensue when a testing process encourages ‘good ‘ instruction pattern ; for illustration, an unwritten proficiency trial is introduced in the outlook that it will advance the instruction of talking accomplishments ( Taylor, 2005 ) . The impact of a trial can be immediate or delayed ( Andrews, 1994 ; Andrews & A ; Fullilove 1994 ) . Harmonizing to these research workers, washback seems to be associated chiefly with ‘high-stakes ‘ trials, that is, trials used for doing of import determinations that affect different sectors. , for illustration, finding who receives admittance into farther instruction or employment chances ( Chapman & A ; Snyder, 2000 ) . Shohamy, Donitza-Schmitdt & A ; Ferman ( 1996 ) believe that the state of affairss in which admittance, publicity, arrangement or graduation is dependent on the trial are really of import and great attention is needed. Harmonizing to Taylor ( 2005 ) , linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. That is, trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers ( educational/employment chances ) . They besides influence educational systems and society more widely ; for illustration, trial consequences are used to do determinations about school course of study planning, in-migration policy, or professional enrollment for physicians ; and the growing of a trial may take publishing houses and establishments to bring forth trial readying stuffs and run trial readying classs. Bachman ( 1990 ) used the term impact to depict these effects of trials. Some linguistic communication examiners consider washback as one dimension of impact, depicting effects on the educational context ( Hamp-Lyons 1997 ) ; others see washback and impact as separate constructs associating severally to ‘micro ‘ and ‘macro â €˜ effects within society ( Bachman & A ; Palmer, 1996 ) . Most examiners locate both constructs within the theoretical impression of ‘consequential cogency ‘ in which the societal effects of proving are portion of a broader, incorporate construct of trial cogency ( Messick, 1989, 1996 ) . Consequential cogency has been extensively discussed among linguistic communication examiners in recent old ages ( Kunnan, 2000 ) . As eventful cogency is a complex impression, we try to analyze specific portion of it known trials effects on trial takers, instructors, and society. Although washback effects on instruction and acquisition has been both theoretically and through empirical observation discussed and several washback hypotheses were put frontward, rather a few empirical surveies have been carried out to research the ESP trials negative or positive effects on trial takers ‘ life and society at big. Therefore, the present survey purposes at researching the ESP trials ‘ effects on Persian interest holders ‘ life, and society. In making so, the undermentioned research inquiry was raised: What impacts do ESP/ EAP trials have on the life of campaigners for station alumnus surveies as good the system of higher instruction at Persian local universities?Method and processThis survey is portion of an extended probe to research ESP trials, constituents of maestro and doctorial enterance scrutiny to province universities, effects on maestro, Ph.D campaigners and ESP instructors. To merely set it, the intent of this component was to place and depict the effects which these trials may hold on the Persian interest holders including instructors, trial takers, parents and scholars ‘ household memebers, and society. A qualitative attack was selected because this facet of eventful cogency is underpinned by personal and organisational civilization and small of relevancy has been reported in the literature. Qualitative research is context based, therefore it is imperative for research workers to enroll participants in a crystalline mode. The participants were 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils of different big leagues and 5 ESP instructors at different universities in Iran. Datas were gathered during face-to-face in-depth interviews. The research workers informed the participants of the intent of the research and obtained their written consent. The research workers besides obtained the participants ‘ permission to audiotape each interview for intents of content analysis and audit trail. The interviews were conducted in both an unstructured and a semi-structured mode. All participants were interviewed in privateness. Each interview began with the inquiry: ‘What do you believe of ESP trials effects? The reply to which was followed by inquiries designed to arouse specific effects of the mark trials, such as: ‘what was the most positive or negative effects of these trials? The participants were besides asked to depict their experiences, attitudes and beliefs about the ESP trials and their impacts on their life. The interviews lasted on norm for about 30 proceedingss. Interviewing took topographic point during all yearss over a six-week period, until the informations collected were being systematically duplicated. No new information was gained from the last three interviews, therefore informations impregnation was considered to hold been achieved. The interview informations were instantly transcribed verbatim and analyzed utilizing qualitative content analysis. Contented analysis is a subjective reading of the content of textual informations utilizing a procedure of systematic categorization. This procedure uses chiefly inductive logical thinking, by which subjects and classs emerge from natural informations under careful scrutiny and changeless comparing ( Strauss and Corbin, 1990 ) . One feature of qualitative content analysis is that the method, to a great extent, focuses on the topic and the context, and emphasizes differences between and similarities within subjects and classs. Another feature is that this method trades with manifest every bit good as latent content in a text. Manifest content consists of respondents ‘ existent words organizing constructs, while subjects are seen as looks of the latent content. In this survey the method of coding harmonizing to qualitative content analysis was used to deduce classs and subjects from the informations, which were identified from the first interviews and so tested and revised through analysis of wining interview ( Marvast, 2004 ) . To guarantee dependability and supply an appraisal of inter-rater dependability, the research worker and the research helper coded interviews separately, discussed the result, agreed on alterations and so individually coded the following interview. In the first five interviews, over 80 % of the codifications were shown to be consistent between the two research workers. These interviews were re-coded after a two-day interval by the same squad and found to be stable. The same cryptography strategy was so applied to a re-analysis of all interviews. The research workers besides reviewed and discussed the full interview coding to guarantee consistence.FindingssThe 31 participants consisted of 16 maestro and 10 Ph.D pupils and 5 ESP instructors. Four subjects were extracted from the interview informations utilizing qualitative content analysis: psychological, societal, fiscal, and household effects. Each of these chief classs is farther divided into subcategories which are described in ins ide informations in the undermentioned parts of the survey.Psychological effectsAbout all participants stated that ESP trials had great psychological effects. This chief class is subcategorized into emphasis, anxiousness, assurance, depression, learning efficaciousness, and letdown.Stress and anxiousnessMany of the participants acknowledged that they had experienced a sort of anxiousness before or even after ESP trials are administered. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. Clairvoyance trials are truly hard and the transitions are long. When I do non cognize the significance of unknown words, I become nervous and I do non try all the points. My public presentation on these trials influences my hereafter so believing about the consequence causes me emphasis. In fact, all trials are nerve-racking but linguistic communication trials are something different because a specific readying is needed ( participant 1 ) . Another participant described test effects as stressful. He said: The consequences are non announced shortly. Sometimes, I have to wait for approximately three months. During this clip, I ever think about the trial consequences. Such ideas cause me a batch of emphasis ( participant 3 ) . Ph.D campaigners besides acknowledged that the ESP subdivision of entryway scrutiny was awfully nerve-racking. A participant said: I had no jobs in content topics. My lone job was specific English. I about translated about 70 pages of my ESP book but the transitions given to us to be translated were unobserved. When I did non cognize the significances of some unknown words, I got confused. Such confusion led to my mental emphasis. That is why ; I could non hold a good public presentation. Even one point can do a alteration in the opportunity of admittance. When the consequences were announced, I noticed that if my mark on ESP subdivision were one point higher, I would go through the entryway test ( participant 12 ) .DepressionMajority of the participants argued that the consequences of the trials and trial phobic disorder greatly influenced and depressed them so that they could non analyze any longer. Such a sort of depression sometimes affected their day-to-day activities. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. You may non cognize about trial effects. The English trials sometimes turn out to be a sort of catastrophe in our life. Due to many known and unknown factors, we are depressed before and after taking linguistic communication trials. Sometimes we feel so down that we can non make anything. We can non even acquire out of bed to eat breakfast or tiffin. Even, we do non speak to anyone for a twosome of yearss ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: Regardless of trial consequences, whether to neglect or go through, due to the nature of ESP trials administered at province and nonstate universities in my state, I become down. The trials are non mensurating what I need. They merely test interlingual rendition ability of the pupils ; whereas, I do non necessitate interlingual rendition. I may go through the trial but I can non utilize ESP linguistic communication to run into my academic demands. My mark is non bad but I can non even compose a paragraph or sum up a transition. That is why ; I ever feel down ( participant 16 ) .DisappointmentThe participants of the survey believed that they sometimes felt defeated and gave up perusal. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: I took Ph.D trial several times but I ever failed because of my bad public presentation in ESP subdivision of the trial. I got tired and eventually defeated. Even if I pass the ESP portion of the trial, I am non pleased because these trials do non mensurate what we need at all. Therefore, I ever felt defeated and planned to give up my analyzing for Ph.D scrutiny ( participant 8 ) . Another participant added: At first I was truly interested in analyzing for Ph.D entryway scrutiny but holding failed the trial several times I lost my motive and felt defeated. Such a sort of feeling lasted for a long clip. Despite the undependability and invalidness of these trials, they had great influence on the campaigners ‘ admittance. I got defeated and unwillingly gave up Ph.D ( participant 2 ) . As the participants do non cognize anything about the range of contents which are given in the trial, they may non try hard to acquire prepared. They believed that their cognition in English is limited and they may non be able to make their best in the unobserved contents. One of the participants said: The campaigners do non cognize how much readying is needed. The ESP texts are infinite. I remember I studied and translated more than 200 pages but the trial transitions were non in the scope of stuffs which I was familiar with. Even an unknown word confused me. That is why I am non certain I can reply all the transitions because they may be unfamiliar to me and this makes me defeated. I gave up analyzing ESP ( participant 10 ) . Furthermore, the participants acknowledged that their public presentation on ESP trials depends on their general linguistic communication public presentation to a great extent. As they are non good at general linguistic communication, they have no opportunity to larn ESP. They believed that they about know some proficient words which they can non utilize in context because of their general linguistic communication. As the consequences, they are hopeless to larn English for ESP/EAP intents. One of the participants stated: English linguistic communication is non given appropriate attending in our state. The clip allocated to learning English at secondary and third schools is non plenty. Teachers merely focus on grammar and reading. Because we have no exposure to reliable linguistic communication we easy bury what we learned in high schools. How one does anticipate us to larn English in such a sort of instruction system in which merely a few grammatical constructions and a twosome of words are taught. I studied English for approximately seven old ages but I can non even compose a short paragraph. I think the consequences of ESP trials indirectly disappoint the pupils. I myself am one of those defeated 1s. I think I ne'er pass ESP/ EAP trials such as IELTS or IBT TOFEl. In one of the Ph.D trial taken two old ages ago, the trial takers were asked to interpret a transition from Persian to English. Although I knew all words, I could non make the undertaking because I did non cognize how to unite the words t o do a text ( participant 18 ) .Self- assurance and efficaciousnessThe participants believed that their assurance is greatly influenced by these trials. They stated that by utilizing their short memory capacity they can memorise a list of proficient words and some specific transitions. They may achieve a good mark which leads to a sort of false assurance. They may believe that this mark indicates their true ability and may give up analyzing English. One of the participants said: I merely studied for two months. In fact, I got a good mark. Having seen my mark on ESP trial, I felt a high self-confident. I thought I could run into my all academic demands ; hence, I stopped reading my English books. During my maestro categories, I noticed how weak I was in English. I could non even interpret a paper. I had to apportion about all my clip analyzing English. You can non conceive of how hard it was for me to go through ESP classs in two semesters ( participant 17 ) . Refering the impact of the trials on assurance, another participant stated: When I saw my mark I became really confident and felt proud. Some of my friends failed the trial. I sneered at them. It was a great accomplishment for me. Majority of the trial takers failed these ESP trials but I passed. Therefore, it was a good bravery for me to take even hard trials. English trials differ from the other trials, so go throughing them successfully is truly of much significance in my assurance ( participant 13 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that the pupils ‘ low tonss on ESP trials led to assurance waking up. One of the participants said: I have taken Ph.D entryway scrutiny three times. My tonss on capable trials were non bad, but I had no good public presentation in ESP sub-test of entryway scrutiny. My friends who were good at English could go through the entryway scrutiny and enter the university. Such a failure in ESP trials caused me to lose my assurance and give up fixing for Ph.D scrutinies because I knew it does non worth the monetary value to pass clip larning English ( participant 6 ) . The consequences besides indicate that ESP trials will do a sort of false positive sense of learning efficaciousness among ESP teachers. The undermentioned illustration illustrated this subject. The alleged ESP trials administered at our universities merely lay accent on proficient vocabulary and proficient reading transitions. I am good at these accomplishments. I am able to learn these accomplishments really good. Because of such prepardness, I think I am a good ESP instructor and feel efficaciouse. However, when the pupils require to the other academic accomplishments, I about ever to hedge their petitions ( participant 19 ) .Social effectsThe 2nd emerged subject of the survey is categorized as the effects of the trials on the society at big. The participants acknowledged that the entryway exams peculiarly ESP sub-tests surely have great impacts on the society. The societal impacts can be subcategorized as: want from high instruction, unfairness and unethical issues, and credence of unqualified campaigners. Each of these subcategories is elaborated as follows ( participant 14 ) .Want from instructionThe participants acknowledged that the consequences of choice tests- eith er norm-referenced or criterion-referenced- will surely ensue in some campaigners ‘ want from instruction. They believed that ESP tests non unlike the other trials do hold such impacts. They believe the campaigners whose English is good can accomplish a good mark on ESP trials and are ranked higher than those with low English proficiency. Therefore, the 1s with low English proficiency are deprived from analyzing for maestro and Ph.D grades although their tonss on the content sub-tests are non bad in comparing with the other campaigners. One of the participants said: I answered about all points of entryway test except ESP points. That is why, I did non go through the trial but my friends who answered English points passed and were accepted in really good and modern universities such as Tehran universities. Two or three times I failed. Finally, I got tired and did non try entryway scrutinies to post graduation schools. I was deprived. Such a failure is merely due to my failing in English ( participant 20 ) . Another participant stated: If I had been able to reply the points of ESP sub-part of the Ph.D entryway scrutiny I would hold passed the trial and I could hold become a extremely educated individual in my state. In fact, my lone job was merely my failing in English. Damn English trial turned out to be a catastrophe in my life. As the consequences, the societey disadvantages the qualified people ( participant 18 ) .Injustice and unethical issuesParticipants of the survey besides stated that the ESP trials administered at our universities lead to injustice and unethical issues. That is, about all campaigners acknowledged that Persian people in different metropoliss do non hold entree to the same educational installations such as linguistic communication and trial readying institutes to larn a foreign linguistic communication ; whereas, they have to take the same norm-referenced trials. Therefore, any determination made based on the campaigners ‘ public presentation on these trials in which the campaigners d o non hold the same privileges, is to a great extent unethical and unjust. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject: In fact I do non hold with the policy of trial development and disposal which is presently practiced in our state. Some of the trial takers live in large metropoliss with adequate educational installations. They can go to linguistic communication categories. They can fix instructional stuffs easy. They benefit from really experient linguistic communication instructors. I do non hold the opportunity to do usage of these necessary things. In Iran, the Ph.D campaigners have to take the same trial. Those who began larning English at the earlier age and attended different linguistic communication categories can surely reply all linguistic communication trial points. Sometimes, the campaigners ‘ tonss on content classs are the same but their tonss on English trial are different. Therefore, I think it is non just and ethical to do a determination about the campaigner based on their differences in English tonss ( participant 12 ) . Another participant added: It is truly pathetic. I know some of the maestro pupils whose tonss on content sub-parts of the trial such as applied Chemistry, Physics chemical science were in fact below my tonss. His mark on ESP trial was 90 but mine was 40. He was accepted but I was non. Make you believe it is just? I am certain that neither can he compose a paper nor understand a talk in English. So why should he go through but I fail? . Truly, it is unethical ( participant 5 ) . The consequences of the survey besides indicate that although ESP trials play of import functions in credence or non credence of the campaigners into station alumnus schools ; no 1 knows for certain that these trials measure the scholars ‘ true ESP cognition. Therefore, deficiency of correspondence between ESP trial contents and mark linguistic communication usage state of affairs undertakings will do a sort of unethical and unjust issue. A participant mentioned: How does one cognize that ESP trials are reliable, dependable, and valid? Surely those with good tonss are accepted. Even one point is of import. But are those who scored high on ESP trials able to utilize linguistic communication in mark linguistic communication usage state of affairss? — — I truly doubt. Is it just to accept campaigners based on the consequences of such unimportant trials? — – These are non just and ethical ( participant 19 ) .Credence of unqualified campaignersAnother emerged subject is credence of unqualified campaigners. The participants of the survey believed that entryway scrutiny to third and station alumnus schools are all norm-referenced. In norm-referenced trials even one decimal is finding. Naturally, the mean mark and percentile rank of the trial takers are the standards for credence or non- credence. Therefore, ESP portion of the entryway scrutinies is of much significance. Assuming that the campaigners are all equal in their tonss on content trials but different from each other in ESP trial, those with a better mark on ESP trial are accepted. There are times when the more qualified campaigners are rejected and less adept 1s are accepted. These so- called Ph.D campaigners will be the hereafter directors, professors, etc. They may be less qualified than the 1s non accepted. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. I think the campaigners should be accepted or rejected merely based on their tonss on proficient trials. How one is proficient in English is non of import. Those who are good at proficient topics are in fact more qualified to come in station alumnus surveies than those who are adept in English but weak at proficient topics ( participant 16 ) . Another participant stated If the campaigners are accepted based on their average tonss on proficient and ESP sub-tests of choice trial, it is more likely that a good mark one a one separate sub-test influences the mean mark and increases the chance of credence. ESP sub-test can besides hold the same function. Therefore, those campaigners whose average mark is positively influenced by ESP mark may be less qualified than those with proper tonss on proficient sub-tests but bad mark on ESP trial ( participant 11 ) .Fiscal effectsThe consequences of the survey indicated that linguistic communication trials peculiarly EAP entryway scrutiny trials have great fiscal effect for both persons and parents. The pupils who are serious about come ining a extremely ranked university spend eventides, weekends and even holidaies fixing for the trial at assorted exam readying schools which provide a assortment of training services. The participants acknowledged that auxiliary instruction of this sort costs a good trade of money and the pupils and their households are willing to do such forfeits. The fiscal effects include text editions, linguistic communication establishment, private coachs, and test readying schoolroom disbursals. The undermentioned illustrations illustrate this subject. I am a pupil and I do non hold excessively much money. I spent rather a batch of money on purchasing text editions and sample EAP trials. I besides spent some money for trial readying categories. Even a penny was of import to me but I had to pass it to purchase the needed books ( participant 6 ) . Another participant stated: My English was non good. I decided to travel to some linguistic communication instructors to learn me. The private category tuition was someway high. Although paying that sum of money was truly hard I had to pay it because I had to ( participant 14 ) . Entrance scrutinies peculiarly linguistic communication trials sometimes have indirect fiscal effects. Participants argued that alternatively of blowing clip to larn English, they can work someplace and gain a great trade of money. One participant argued: I have Master of Science grade in Chemistry. I can hold a good occupation with a great salary but I determined to acquire prepared for Ph.D entryway scrutiny. I studied for about 12 months. If I had worked 12 months, I would hold earned about 12000 dollars. I merely studied difficult but I failed the trial merely because o my bad public presentation in English trials. My mark on the other topics was non bad. I am certain if I had got a better mark on English subpart of the trial, I could hold passed the trial successfully ( participant 9 ) .Family effectsThe EAP/ESP trials have besides some household effects. Participants acknowledged that the consequences of these trials influence the household members of the trial takers to a great extent straight or indirectly. They are emotionally, financially, and psychologically influenced. The undermentioned illustrations are given to exemplify this subject. As I had to analyze hard for the entryway scrutinies, I had no more clip to pass with my household ( my married woman and kids ) . Whenever they asked me to take them out, I did non hold, because I merely wanted to analyze. They got worried and they ever complained. Two or three times my married woman decided to disassociate ( participant 3 ) . Another participant stated: I am married and I have to pass a portion of my clip with my household. But because of the importance of scrutiny, I merely studied. When I was analyzing I could non gain adequate money. Therefore, I could non run into my household fiscal demands. It is their right to hold everything they like. They sometimes did non understand me and in fact felt depressed ( participant 13 ) . The trial takers ‘ psychological and societal jobs caused by trials indirectly influence their household members. One of the household members stated: Persian households are really emotionally closed. They can non be apathetic to each other. Whenever a household member feels worried, down, or disappointed, the other members have the same feelings. When I was fixing myself for the trial I had to travel to bed late and my household stayed awake ( participant 20 ) .DiscussionThe consequences obtained from a trial can hold seriouse effects for persons every bit good the programmes, because many of import determinations are made on the footing of the trials ‘ consequences ( Herman & A ; Golan, 1993 ) . Language scholars and the other participants may be influenced by official information about a trial prior to its administeration including advertisement stuffs from the trial publishing houses or by folk-knowledge such as studies from the pupils who have taken the trials earlier. They may besides be affected by several beginnings of feedback following trial administeration. These would include the existent trial tonss provided by the test hiting service, feedback from the trial takers such as what was easy or hard, what seemed just or unjust, expected, or unexpected, feedback from the monitors, and feedback from the instructors in reaction to the pupils ‘ tonss ( Baily, 1999 ) . Taylor ( 2005 ) besides believes that linguistic communication trials can hold effects beyond merely the schoolroom. Trials and trial consequences have a important impact on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers. The impacts of different types of trials in different countries of the universe have been studied through empirical observation. The types of trials include national school scrutinies in Sri Lanka ( Wall and Alderson, 1993 ; Wall, 1997,2000 ) , Israel Shohamy et al. , 1996 ) , and Hong Kong ( Cheng, 1997, 1998 ) ; university entryway scrutinies in Japan ( Watanabe, 1997 & A ; 2004 ) ; and international proficiency trials ( Alderson and Hamp-Lyons, 1996 ) . Much of what was revealed by these surveies had to make with what Hughes ( 1989,1988 ) would name the â€Å" procedures † of instruction: the choice of content ( accomplishments, learning stuffs, exam readying stuffs ) , the methodological analysis instructors used and the ways in which they assessed their ain pupils. The findings associating to `participants ‘ frequently had to make with the emphasis and anxiousness felt by instructors and scholars. In line with findings of the above mentioned impact surveies, the consequences of the present survey indicated that maestro and doctorial ESP trials administered as national entryway scrutiny to Persian province universities influence scholars, ESP instructors and society in different ways. The first subject emerged from the content analysis of the interviews was describrd as the psychological effects. The psychological impacts were subcategorized into emphasis and anxiousness, depression, letdown, and false self- assurance and learning efficay. The findings of the impact surveies carried out in different parts of the universe merely confirmed scholars and instructors ‘ emphasis and anxiousness before and after trial administeration ; whereas, the consequences of the present survey indicate that in adition to emphasize and anxiousness, the scholars become down and defeated. Furthermore, their assurance is negatively influenced by such trials. Pearson ( 1988 ) says it is accepted that public scrutinies influence the attitudes, behaviours, and motives of the scholars, parents, and instructors. This influence is frequently seen as negative. The reappraisal of literature besides indicated that scrutinies distort course of study. The fidings of the present survey besides indicated that a chief negative effect of ESP trials on Persian ESP instructors is deformation of course of study. That is, they ignore linguistic communication accomplishments which do non lend straight to go throughing the test. Rather, they merely lay accent on learning proficient vocabulary and reading through limited learning schemes such as interlingual rendition to pupils ‘ native linguistic communication. As such a sort of learning method does non necessitate proficiency in the other linguistic communication accomplishments, the instructor think they are really efficaciouse. That is why, they think they have a high instruction efficaciousness. Participants of the survey besides reported that ESP/EAP trials have societal effects. Not unlike the findings of washback surveies, the consequences of the survey indicated that societal effects of ESP trials including want from high instruction, unfairness, and credence of unqualified campaigners are all negative. Therefore, in line with Davies, 1997 ; Messick,1989,1994, 1996 ; Hamp-Lyons, 1997a, 1997b, 1989,2000,1999 ; McNamara, 1999 reasoning for a professional morality among linguistic communication examiners to protect the profession ‘s members and persons from the abuse and maltreatment of the trial, it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran are unjust and violate moralss premises. Sing the usage of ESP trials use as instruments of societal policy and control and their gate-keeping map ( Spolsky, 1997, 1981, 1994 ) , it could be argued that ESP trials in Iran will take to acceptance and rejection of some campaigners whom we are non certain of their true ability ; accord ingly, the society does non profit from the qualified campaigners and some qualified campaigners are deprived from instruction while it is their ain civil and societal right to be accepted in universities. ESP trials practiced at Persian universities, to set in words of Shohamy ( 1997, 1993,1998, 2000 ) , contain contents or employ methods which are non just to all test-takers. As the consequences, utilizations of such trials which exercise control and manipulate stakeholders instead than supplying information on the proficiency degrees seem to be against moralss of linguistic communication testing. Fiscal impact of ESP trials on trial takers was the 3rd subject emerged from the content analysis of the present survey informations. Due to the impacts of the enterance scrutinies on the calling or life opportunities of single trial takers, they have to pass a great trade of money for readying categories, sample trials, and even private tuition. As bulk of the trial takers are pupils or unemployed, it is someway hard for them to gain money. Therefore, their life is greatly influenced by the consequences of trials. Furthermore, the trial takers who are bread victors of the household can non fulfill their households financially, because they do non hold clip to work someplace to gain money. Furthermore, the consequences indicated that the trial takers ‘ household members such as parents, kids, hubbies, and married womans, are all straight or indirectly influence by the trials effects. The findings of the other surveies indicated trial effects on the scholars ‘ parents ; whereas, this survey showed that in add-on to scholars ‘ parents, their kids, hubbies, and married womans were all influenced by psychological, societal, and fiscal effects of the trials. Such clear difference between the findings of this survey and the other surveies is profoundly rooted in the differences between the cultural and societal values of the scholars. In Iran, household members closely related and experience sympathy with each other. About all effects reported by the participants were negative. That is, niether do they ensue in great inventions in acquisition and learning ESP nor do they hold posotive and good effects on the interest holders. The great negative effects of ESP trials, acoording to Kiani, Akbari, and Alibakhshi ( forthcoming ) are due their deficiency of straightness and genuineness. They believe that reliable trials will surely take to great posotive effects. Another justification for such negative effects is the intent of ESP trials and the decicisions which are made on the footing of trials. Naturally the negative effects of norm-referenced trials are more serious than criterion-referenced 1s.DecisionThis survey was an effort to expolre the effects of ESP trials on trial takers and instructors ‘ life and society. The premise is that valid trials have posotive effects on the interest holders, society and educational systems and invalid trials have negative effects on all interest holders an d distort course of study. The consequences of the present survey showed that the effects of the ESP trials were all negative. Therefore, it could be concluded that these trials lack eventful cogency which is a chief constituent of costruct cogency ( Messick, ) . Sing such a fatal defect in ESP trials, we suggest that great alterations in the contents, intent and determinations made on the footing of these trials consequences are needed so that we can do a alteration in learning ESP at our local universities. That is, it is concluded that the invalid trials should non be used as the instruments which filter the entery and nonentry of some candiadates to province universities. Furthermore, any determination made on the footing of invalid trials is against the critical issues of equity and moralss. Therfore, it is indispensable that the trial developers try to devlope more reliable and direct trials, because reliable and direct trials have a good washback cogency.