Descartes on the Distinction Between Body and Mind

Name Tutor Course Date Descartes Premise for Distinguishing Body and Mind In the Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes discusses the nature of the body and mind. By drawing from three lines of thought, Descartes launches a powerful premise that the body is something distinct from the mind. He conceptualizes his argument by using the uncertainty of knowledge argument, appealing to God’s omnipotence, and describing the indivisibility of the body and mind. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze Descartes’s premise for distinguishing the body and mind. In the first Meditation, Descartes begins by discussing a topic that seems far removed from the subject, yet instrumental to his argument. He questions the†¦show more content†¦However, unlike most his colleagues, Descartes defended dualism by basing his arguments on metaphysics and epistemology (Cress 79). While most philosophers seem to believe Descartes premise that the body and mind are distinct and can exist without each other, I disagree with Descartes proposition on knowledge and reality. Just because he thought that his mind could exist without his body does not mean the possibility is a reality. Maybe there is a metaphysical relationship between his body and mind that could have made it possible. There are two main difficulties facing Descartes argument. It is clear that he is using his thoughts to conclude what is plausible. If the body is the mind, then the body cannot exist without the mind. In addition, if the body can exist without the mind, then they are not the same things. From Descartes’ conception, we cannot conclude this. His conception is wrong because he argues that the mind and the body are the same yet he concludes that they exist independently. I disagree with Descartes’s use of clear and distinct ideas to support his premise because his inferences on the ideas are wrong. In this argument, Descartes claims that the ideas of body and mind are clear and distinct. In addition, he presents a scenario of thought and extension in the mind and body respectively. In this argument, it is clear that he isShow MoreRelatedDescartes: Knowledge is Truth Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Knowledge is Truth With the emergence of the scientific revolution in the 17th century, views of society and nature were transformed throughout Europe. There were great developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. The world and its views were changing, and with that change, came a new change in thought, a new change in philosophy. Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of things by searching for a fundamentalRead MoreThe Mind / Brain Identity Theory1718 Words   |  7 PagesA person relates to the world through different mental and corporeal experiences. The former is associated with one having a (non-physical) mind, which contains beliefs, desires, feelings and so on, while the latter involves having a (physical) brain. The Mind/Body problem questions whether the mind and brain are the same or different objects. For a long time, the interpretation of these experiences has been much debated by philosophers and scientists. One influential interpretation is Descartes’sRead MoreRene Descartes: Cartesian Dualism Essay example1625 Words   |  7 Pageslasting legacies of Rene Descartes’ philosophy. He argues that the mind and body operate as separate entities able to exist without one another. That is, the mind is a thinking, non-extended entity and the body is non-thinking and extended. His belief elicited a debate over the nature of the mind and body that has spanned centuries, a debate that is still vociferously argued today. In this essay, I will try and tackle Descartes claim and come to some conclusion as to whether Descartes is correct to sayRead MoreHow Successful Are Descartes Arguments for the Real Distinction of Mind from Body?1659 Words   |  7 PagesHow successful are Descartes arguments for the real distinction of mind from body? Upon which problem would you put the most weight? Descartes says the mind is distinct from the body, or anything physical for that matter. He says, a thinking substance is nonphysical or spiritual in nature (mind), and an extended substance is physical, but not capable of consciousness or thought (body). However, this very claim is also his biggest problem as his mind Ââ€" body interaction has many critics and toRead MoreDescartes’ Mind and Body Distinction817 Words   |  3 PagesDescartes’ Mind/Body Distinction This paper will attempt to explain Descartes’ first argument for the distinction that exists between mind and body. Dualism is a necessary aspect of Descartes’ metaphysics and epistemology. This distinction is important within the larger framework of Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) because after doubting everything (body, extension, senses, etc.), Descartes comes to the conclusion that because he doubts, he must be a thinking thing and therefore exist (p.43)Read MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1536 Words   |  7 Pagesof course. But what is a man?† (Descartes 340). This question that Descartes addresses in Meditations on First Philosophy is important because it outlines his core philosophical view in his work. His philosophy primarily focuses on dualism, which is the concept that there is another world that exists with ideal forms and is separate from the world of perception. The part of dualism that Descartes focuses his work on is the dist inction between the soul and the body. His perception of what makes upRead MoreHow Does Descartes Argue That Mind And Body Are Distinct?986 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: How does Descartes argue that mind and body are distinct? Is he right? Am I real, or imaginary? In the First Meditation, Rene Descartes presents the main falsehoods in which he believed during his life, and the subsequent faultiness he experienced concerning the body of knowledge. The philosopher considers that it is never too late to rethink the knowledge about his personal being from the very foundations, and builds his thoughts on a certain ground starting from common things. It would beRead More Descartes Sixth Meditation Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages In the Sixth Meditation, Descartes makes a point that there is a distinction between mind and body. It is in Meditation Two when Descartes believes he has shown the mind to be better known than the body. In Meditation Six, however, he goes on to claim that, as he knows his mind and knows clearly and distinctly that its essence consists purely of thought. Also, that bodies essences consist purely of extension, and that he can conceive of his mind and body as existing separately. By the power ofRead MoreHow The Mind And Body Are United Based On Rene Descartes Argumentations1523 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss how the mind and body are united based on Rene Descartes’ argumentations in The Meditations Of First Philosophy. First, I am going to introduce a few of Descartes’ arguments and his position on the matter. Then, I will pick the most questionable argument and put it up against logical reasoning with evidence. Finally, I am going to conclude how the 17th-century philosopher proposes a fallacious argument which interferes with his Cartesian dualism theory. The Position Rene Descartes believed inRead MoreEssay on Meditations on First Philosophy by Rene Descartes1561 Words   |  7 Pages In his work, Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes writes to rid pre-conceptions, and disprove all belief in thoughts that are not certain, accepting only what can be known for sure. In his Meditation VI: Of the Existence of Material Things, and the Real Distinction between the Mind and Body of Man, he discusses his belief that the mind and body are two separate substances, claiming that the nonmaterial mind and the material body, while being ontologically distinct substances, causally

Janamashtmi Free Essays

Krishna Janmashtami (Devanagari ami), also known as Krishnashtami, Saatam Aatham, Gokulashtami, Ashtami Rohini, Srikrishna Jayanti, Sree Jayanthi or sometimes merely as Janmashtami, is a Hindu festival celebrating the birth of Krishna, an Avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu. [1] Krishna Janmashtami is observed on the Ashtami tithi, the eighth day of the dark half or Krishna Paksha of the month of Bhadrapada in the Hindu calendar, when the Rohini Nakshatra is ascendant. The festival always falls within mid-August to mid-September in the Gregorian calendar. We will write a custom essay sample on Janamashtmi or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2010, for example, the festival was celebrated on 2nd September, while in 2011, the festival will be celebrated on 22nd August. Rasa lila, dramatic enactments of the life of Krishna, are a special feature in regions of Mathura and Vrindavan, and regions following Vaishnavism in Manipur. While the Rasa lila re-creates the flirtatious aspects of Krishna’s youthful days, the Dahi Handi celebrate God’s playful and mischievous side, where teams of young men form human pyramids to reach a high-hanging pot of butter and break it. This tradition, also known as uriadi, is a major event in Tamil Nadu on Gokulashtami. Significance Statue of baby Krishna being carried in a basket, protected by seven hooded serpent, by Vasudeva across the Yamuna river at midnight The ritual is to fast the previous day (Saptami, seventh day), which is followed by a night-long vigil commemorating the birth of Krishna at midnight in the jail where his maternal uncle Kansa was keeping them captive, and his immediate removal by his father Vasudeva to a foster-home for safe-keeping. At midnight, the idol of the infant Krishna is bathed, adorned in new clothes and jewellery, placed in a cradle and worshiped. The fast is completed after aarti, a special prayer. At day break, ladies draw patterns of little children’s footprints outside the house with rice-flour paste, walking towards the house. This symbolizes the entry of the infant Krishna into his foster-home i. e. their homes. In South India Celebration of Lord Krishna’s birthday as Srijayanthi in an Iyengar’s house in South India In the south, the festival is celebrated as Sri Krishnajanmashtami, Janmashtami or Gokulashtami. In Tamil Nadu, Brahmins (Iyers Iyengars), Yadhavars, Chettiars and Pillais celebrate the festival. Uriadi or climbing a stick containing a pot of sweet curds is also a major event in Varahur and other parts of Tamil Nadu. The pooja is performed late in the evening, timed according to the Hindu calendar to coincide with the birth of Krishna at midnight. Generally, most of the sweets and savouries are prepared on that day. Normally, a kolam (rice flour drawings on ground), also known as rangoli, drawn specially for the occasion, called ezhakoolam, decorates the front yard. Footprints representing those of Krishna are drawn from the front yard to the pooja room, representing the god entering the devotee’s home. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu In Karnataka, Madhwas (Vaishnavas) (followers of saint Madhwacharya), Iyengars and Srivaishnavas, (followers of saint Ramanujacharya) and Smarthas (followers of Adi Shankara) make elaborate preparations for the festival. The idol of Lord Krishna is placed in a decorated mantapa. Bhakshanam (snacks and sweets in Sanskrit), that are specially prepared for the festival, are offered to Lord Krishna along with fruits and are considered to be his favourites. In some parts of Karnataka, chakli, avalakki and bellada panaka are prepared especially for the festival. Hand made avalakki is prepared in memory of Krishna’s friend Sudhama. Legend has it that Sudhama had once offered avalakki to Krishna, as it was considered to be one of his favourite snacks. Gamaka vachana and other devotional activities are held in the evening. Divergent traditions among Srivaishnavas Within the Sri Vaishnava(Iyengar) brahmins (who are mostly found in the Tamil Nadu state, and a considerable number in Karnataka as well), there have developed slight differences as to when to observe Sri Jayanti. There is also disagreement as to how exactly to observe the day. Should one observe upavAsa through the night, ceremonially breaking the fast the next morning, or should one eat immediately after the midnight pooja and aradhana? Broadly, there are five different opinions within the Sri Vaishnava tradition concerning this matter. The different sub-traditions are Pancaratra, Munitraya, Mannar, Tozhappar and Vaikhanasa. In a nutshell, the difference stems from lunar vs. solar month and whether to take sunrise or moonrise into consideration for determining jayanti. Among Vadakalai Iyengars – The Pancaratra tradition is followed by Shri Ahobila Mutt, Munitraya tradition by Srirangam Srimadh Andavan Ashramam along with some other acharya purusha families, and the Mannar tradition is followed by Sri Parakala Mutt. It is named after one mannAr svAmi of unknown date who is the first extant authority arguing for this calculation. The tozhappar tradition is named after Sri Vaidika Sarvabhauma Swami, also known as Kidambi Thozhappar, who wrote a detailed text establishing the reasoning behind his tradition. [2] The Thenkalai iyengars adhere to the Vaikhanasa tradition. In Maharashtra Jay Bharat Seva Sangh (Lower Parel)forming human tower to break the Dahi handi Govinda Pathaks forming human tower to break the Dahi handi Janmaashtami, popularly known in Mumbai and Pune as Dahi Handi, is celebrated with enormous zeal and enthusiasm. The handi is a clay pot filled with buttermilk that was positioned at a convenient height prior to the event. The topmost person on the human pyramid tries to break the handi by hitting it with a blunt object. When that happens the buttermilk is spilled over the entire group, symbolizing their achievement through unity. Various handis are set up locally in several parts of the city, and groups of youngsters, called govinda, travel around in trucks trying to break as many handis as possible during the day. Many such Govinda Pathaks compete with each other, especially for the handis that dole out hefty rewards. The event, in recent times, has gathered a political flavor, and it is not uncommon for political parties, and rich community groups to offer prizes amounting to lakhs of rupees. Some of the most famous handis are at ,Dadar,Lower Parel, Worli, Mazgaon, Lalbaug, Thane and Babu Genu, Mandai in Pune. 3] Cash and gifts are offered for Govinda troops to participate; for over 4,000 handis in Mumbai, 2000 Govinda troops compete for the prizes. In Manipur Janmaashtami, popularly known in Manipur as Krishna Janma, is a significant festival celebrated at two temples in Imphal, the capital city of Manipur. The first festival is at the Govindaji temple and the second is at the International Society for Kri shna Consciousness temple. Devotees of Lord Krishna gather mostly at the ISKCON temple. In North India In Uttar Pradesh where the lord was born in Mathura, his play ground Gokul and Vrindavan become more crowded and celebrations go up to a week. In Gujarat where the city Dwarka has Dwarkadhish temple celebrates it with pomp and joy. In the eastern state of Orissa, around Puri and West Bengal in Nabadwip, people celebrate it with fasting and doing puja at midnight. Purana Pravachana from Bhagavata Purana are done from the 10th Skandha which deals with pasttimes of Lord Krishna. The next day is called Nanda Utsav or the joyous celebration of Nanda Maharaj and Yashoda Maharaani. On that day people break their fast and offer various cooked sweets during the early hour. How to cite Janamashtmi, Essay examples

Clinical Symptoms of Osychiatric Disorders and Technology

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Symptoms of Osychiatric Disorders and Technology. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the impact of IT on the media industry. Digital based technologies have modified the industries of media for better as well as for worse, however, how this impacts media industry to win the battles or struggles of employees against decreasing wages, layoffs and stress. There are collective actions as well as reaffirmation from various sources where skill plays an important role (Taylor et al., 2014). The discussion is a way to understand that media industry is under so much influence of IT and everything is associated with it. The expectations are infinite which are created by digital-based technology since there is no horizon or no one is waiting to ride or solve issues of media modifications. This is based on the fundamental review of what has taken place in the present so called the digital based revolution in the industry as well as media-based industry (Taylor et al., 2014). The report discussed in detail about the company called Dish Network which is also termed as dish since 2012. The company is a US based direct broadcast satellite-based service providers. The organization also provides the number of services like satellite television, internet access through satellite as well as number of different audio based programming. Also, there are many interactive television-based services for residential as well as commercial users specifically in the US. In the year 2016, the company had managed to provide services to almost fourteen million TV and more than five lakhs broadband subscribers. Presently there is approx sixteen thousand workforce. Headquarter of the company is in Meridian which is located in Colorado (Miller and Skinner, 2015). IT in media industry The primary meaning of bringing digitization has always meant to move away from tools based work. There is audio as well as video based editing which can be done on reporter's desktop or in some cases producer's desktop. The videotape doesn't need any lighting or sound support from technicians. A studio can easily be changed by a big desktop base which is called s Parkervision which required just one switcher and the rest can be easily automated. It is very easy to use digital based tools now, and this led to many sets of expectations on how people function and the job titles are blurring along with job descriptions (Wagner et al., 2014). Then there are editors or other video based journalists at different networks, and it is important to understand that actual job titles have modified with the fact that many employees in the industry are functioning a huge range of technical work in addition to other basic work. For instance, reporters at one press are expected to file report beside s a voice based report for some radio-based clients, and at the same time, many of them shoot video as well. There are some examples where the work is done online, and the development in various online departments has not made up for the major amount of losses for a number of traditional work (Wagner et al., 2014). In last twenty years, technology has modified the manner in which people communicate with one another, and it also changes the way people are using the internet for shopping, research, and most importantly the way business functions. In the present time, technology has become the center of the success of many businesses, and it covers security, as well as marketing and many business operations, also initiate in the current digital based world. The participation of IT is so important in businesses these days in all kinds and sizes of businesses, and it is creating a variety of opportunities. There are just a few ways in the technology that has transformed the face of modern business. Technology has simplified the process of communication, and this has become an important base for the companies especially media based companies. For some businesses, IT is a key for impactful internal as well as external interactions (Trainor et al., 2014). Requirements to apply IT into Dish Network The set of expectation is changing of what people can, in reality, think of in one day. As a wire service provider and broadcasting companies, it is always about a minute or a second. Technology is only making it faster and gone are those days when the deadline times were between 12 noon to 5 evening. In the present time, expectations are set in audio, file and print kind of platforms. It is always about getting the new fast or adopting the technology as soon as possible and also the overall pressure is based on beating the other kind of news or broadcasting services present online (Rosen et al., 2013). Another best example for the same is based on how methods of digitization have provided an infinite capacity for immediacy which comes once again from a number of ways. The workforce has to become agiler in releasing as well as pumping the news for the financial kind of market within few minutes (Boyd, 2014). Dish Network must base this while formulating the strategies, especially when producing live events or shows. Since the being lives on an event is not sudden, and there is also some demand for some extra added color on different social media platform which is rapid. Dish network is a broadcasting company, and it is important for it uses social media in general which has become a powerful tool to link the variety of people in a proper manner. In connection with externally based communication which is discussed above, marketing of many companies is now digitally. Dish Network is all about digitalization and communication is an important part of the company since it helps in many functions like marketing and others. Marketing these days is largely associated with technology which supports various teams to execute and also completely troubleshoot many types of software (Rosen et al., 2013). A very talented team of IT is needed for the success of any marketing plan dependent on technology. The concepts like website management, SEO, social media handling and everything else needs some expertise with the proper knowledge to provide some consulting. The process of success and option is also a simple process by utilizing software that is specifically designed to store marketing based metrics over a period and also this further permits organizations to adapt, plan as well as develop. The process of technology also helps in streamlining the process of decision making within the parameters of business. There are so many methods to keep a proper track of a number of resources like financial or market-based conditions as well as customer satisfaction (Siemens, 2014). With a proper IT based plan, one will have to see the data in the easier manner. This further makes it more convenient for the organization to understand different steps that one takes to make some improvements and a lso reach objectives. Risks of IT in Dish Network The world is moving very fast because of the fast changing technology as well as expanding markets. There are issues of rapid consolidations and various upcoming business based models along with rising demand of consumers. All these issues are taking the main position and generating a lot of turmoil in the media industry, and Dish Network is also in this vicious circle. The industry is moving fast, and when one tries to innovate with the help of technology, it is important to understand the risks one is facing and how a company must handle it (Andriessen et al., 2013). There is also rise in mergers and acquisitions, and private based equity companies brought more speed to the process, and there are some companies that have started to voice the issues and started highlighting the importance of traditional based art and strategy based rationale. These methods are providing a way to have more focused financial kind of engineering. There are a number of methods to maintain as well as monitor IT in Dish Network. Media stories and other issues on various media platforms are the reflections of society, and it plays an important role in uncovering the base for education, promotion as well as dissemination of data. At the same time, media also plays a crucial role in organizations to maintain an ethical based culture. It is important to understand for the company that there are the number of stakeholders from the market as well as non-market culture and one of the most valuable groups of stakeholder for a company is this industry which becomes a crucial part of much non-market culture (Straubhaar et al., 2013). Conclusion The media industry is filled with a number of advanced technology based tools which help in filing as well as reporting the stories from any part of the world. Different platforms help in reaching the audience in no time. In fact, a video can be digitized in no time so all the workforce in a company can access any video anytime and services like Covertly is based on to do the press conference with the help of cyber-based space since there is no longer a requirement to go to any meeting. Therefore, it becomes a big job in itself and it is important to make sure the particular skill set in the work can continue to be more valued. This can also able to fight against the generic based media model where each one of us can do anything about the current situation (Straubhaar et al., 2013). The effect of getting information from any media platform is that it permits companies across the world an informed decision. It helps in deciding the prices level or developing a new product. It is important to be socially responsible company and also use data to decide where one must help the community. Reference Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. and Liederbach, J., 2014.Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press. Miller, G.S. and Skinner, D.J., 2015. The evolving disclosure landscape: How changes in technology, the media, and capital markets are affecting disclosure.Journal of Accounting Research,53(2), pp.221-239. Wagner, D., Vollmar, G. and Wagner, H.T., 2014. The impact of information technology on knowledge creation: An affordance approach to social media.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,27(1), pp.31-44. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Rosen, L.D., Carrier, L.M. and Cheever, N.A., 2013. Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying.Computers in Human Behavior,29(3), pp.948-958. Boyd, D., 2014.It's complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press. Rosen, L.D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L.M. and Cheever, N.A., 2013. Is Facebook creating iDisorders? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety.Computers in Human Behavior,29(3), pp.1243-1254. Siemens, G., 2014. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. Andriessen, J., Baker, M. and Suthers, D. eds., 2013.Arguing to learn: Confronting cognitions in computer-supported collaborative learning environments(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Straubhaar, J., LaRose, R. and Davenport, L., 2013.Media now: Understanding media, culture, and technology. Cengage Learning.

Oedipus King Of Riddles Essays - Oedipus The King, Oedipus

Oedipus: King Of Riddles? In Greek mythology the oracles or gods are rarely wrong in their predictions of the future. Yet the characters still try to fight the predictions. Do their personalities and traits decide their future, or does fate take its course no matter what? Oedipus was a shrewd man furnished with wit and intellect, yet his lack of insight (the ability to see and understand clearly the inner nature of himself) and his arrogance led to his demise, not fate. Oedipus's aret? (an exceptional ability or gift) was unravelling riddles, and solving any puzzles with ease. He had a surplus of the aptitude to look outward, but unfortunately he had a deficiency of the ability to look inward. This talent of looking outward made him renowned for deciphering riddles and mysteries. Yet when Tiresias appears and speaks in riddles, Oedipus cannot solve them because of his lack of insight. Tiresias's riddles are clear in what they state, but Oedipus cannot understand them because he doesn't know himself well enough. Tiresias conveys, All ignorant! And I refuse to link my utterance with a downfall such as yours.(Pg.42) At this point in the play, Oedipus still cannot perceive who the murderer of King Laius is, even though the riddle is obvious. Oliver 2 Oedipus has the ability to comprehend the riddles, but he won't allow himself to accept the truth. When Oedipus saved Thebes from The Sphinx, he answered this difficult puzzle. The Sphinx demanded, What creature is it that walks on four feet in the morning, on two at noon, and on three in the evening? With his eminent mastery of riddles and having an open mind, Oedipus replied, It is Man. As a child he crawls on four. When he grows up he walks upright on his two feet, and in old age he leans on a staff.1 This puzzle is far more complex than Tiresias's rudimentary riddles, so Oedipus has the ability to solve the riddles but cannot let himself do so, because of his pomposity. Oedipus is so arrogant that he can't believe that he could possibly have done anything wrong. He suffered from the sin of hubris. That is, he was very vain, and conceited. No matter how straightforward Tiresias's riddles were, Oedipus's pride wouldn't let him solve them. Finally, Tiresias came right out and said what he meant without a riddle, and Oedipus still couldn't accept that he did anything wrong. Tiresias simply stated, I say, you murdered the man whose murderer you require. (Pg.37) Following that remark from Tiresias, Oedipus shielded himself by accusing his brother in law, Creon (his uncle in reality), of forcing these insinuations from Tiresias. Of course, this wasn't true, it was just a classic example of Oedipus's arrogance trying to defend itself. Oedipus's expiration was caused simply because of his arrogance and his lack of self knowledge. He didn't understand himself well enough. He could unravel any mystery besides Oliver 3 his own existence. All of his life Oedipus had solved mysteries and puzzles about subjects other than himself. Now that he was faced with riddles accusing him of something, his own arrogance kept him from the truth. Oedipus would have solved Tiresias's riddles instantaneously if it weren't for his pride, and lack of insight. Finally, the truth is forced on Oedipus with outstanding evidence, presented by the messenger, and the shepherd, so he must accept his destiny. Was he not able to solve Tiresias's riddles because his arrogance wouldn't allow him to, or did he recognize the answers immediately, his vanity not allowing him to acknowledge the truth? Oliver 4 Notes 1Ingri And Edgar Parin D'Aulaire's , D'aulaires' Book Of Greek Myths (Garden City:Doubleday & Company Inc. , 1962), 158. Oliver 5 Bibliography D'aulaire's Partin , Edgar and Ingri. Daulaire's Book Of Greek Myths. Garden City: Doubleday & Company Inc. , 1962. Sophocles. Oedipus The King in The Oedipus Plays Of Sophocles. (Trans. P. Roche.) New York: Mentor Books , 1986.

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs

How to Ace Your AP Chemistry Labs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Labs play a significant role in AP Chemistry, and knowledge of experimental procedures is critical for the final exam. If you're an AP Chemistry student (or are considering becoming one), this guide will help you understand what to expect from the lab components of the course. I'll provide an overview of the types of AP Chemistry labs you'll see, the amount of time you'll spend on them, and what a real lab procedure looks like. You'll also learn how lab reports are structured and what you can do during the lab to ensure that you're getting the most out of your experience! What Are the Lab Requirements for AP Chemistry? Twenty-five percent of class time in AP Chemistry is devoted to labs, so they’re a big part of the course.The College Board even says in the course description that increased lab time is correlated with higher AP scores!You will be expected to conduct at least sixteen hands-on lab experiments throughout the year, and at least six of those sixteen must be "guided inquiry" labs. The College Board emphasizes an inquiry-based approach in the most up to date curriculum guidelines for AP Chemistry.This means that you’ll be asked to work independently at times. The teacher will provide a prompt or question, but you'll design the rest of the lab.This gives you the opportunity to conduct valid experiments that test your hypotheses without a teacher holding your hand the whole way. This approach is geared towards helping students develop scientific skill sets that they will use later in life when there isn't a teacher around to give them the answers. In guided inquiry labs, you will be expected to: Come up with a scientific question Decide which variables you will investigate Design and conduct experimental procedures Collect, analyze, interpret, and display data Present conclusions appropriately The other (up to) ten labs in the course may be traditional teacher-directed labs, but they will still support the learning objectives of the course. A full list of AP Chemistry learning objectives divided by the main themes or â€Å"Big Ideas†can be found on page 107 of the course guidelines.The goal for each lab is to incorporate as many of these objectives as possible so that students get the most out of their time. Each lab will serve a purpose in helping you grasp essential concepts in AP Chemistry. Which AP Chemistry Labs Will You Actually Have to Do? The AP Chemistry lab curriculum offers a fair amount of flexibility.The College Board provides a lab manual to teachers that includes 16 guided inquiry labs. Teachers can then choose at least six of those labs to conduct in class.The other ten or more labs in the course may be teacher-directed (traditional, step-by-step labs where all students follow one exact procedure). Examples of lab topics you might explore in AP Chemistry include: Spectroscopy Determine the concentration of a solute in solution based on the color of the solution Gravimetric Analysis of a Precipitate Find the identity of an unknown compound using mass data Stoichiometry Determine the amount of dissolved particles present in solution Solubility Determine the amount of dissolved ions in solution Redox Titration Measure the amount of acid contained in a solution Reaction Rate Manipulating variables to see how they affect chemical reaction rates Energy Determine change in energy in various chemical reactions Equilibrium Maximizing yield in chemical reactions Weak Acid Titration Drawing conclusions about acid properties from a pH titration curve for a weak acid Buffers Explore how buffers are made and what determines their capacity to resist changes in pH Electrochemistry Using electrolysis to induce non-spontaneous chemical reactions Get ready to explore the fascinating and terrifying landscape of microscopic particles that make up our world. AP Chemistry Lab Example Here’s a more specific example of an AP Chemistry Lab.In this case, it was derived from the AP Chemistry Lab Manual, so it’s an inquiry-based lab. Lab Title: The Preparation and Testing of an Effective Buffer: How Do Components Influence a Buffer's pH and Capacity?† Experiment Overview: In this experiment, the pH of water and a number of other solutions will be measured, and then acids and bases will be added to see how the pH is affected. Several buffer solutions of different pH values will be prepared and tested for their ability to resist change in pH. This covers the following AP Chemistry learning objective (LO 6.18):The student can design a buffer solution with a target pH and buffer capacity by selecting an appropriate conjugate acid-base pair and estimating the concentration needed to achieve the desired capacity. Materials Needed: Hardware: Balance with 0.01-gram precision Four 100 mL beakers Three pipets Buret, ring stand, buret clamp Two 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks Two graduated cylinders, 25 mL and 100 mL pH meter Stirring rod Wash bottle and distilled water Chemical Solutions: 20 mL Acetic acid, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonia, 0.10 M 20 mL ammonium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL HCl, 0.10 M 1 mL of 1 percent Phenolphthalein 20 mL sodium acetate, 0.10 M 40 mL sodium chloride, 0.10 M 5 mL sodium hydroxide, 0.10 M Unknown solid acid sample, 2.0 g Safety Precautions (an extremely important part of each lab, especially when you’re dealing with strong acids!): Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical resistant gloves, and a chemical resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. Procedure: Part 1: pH Changes in Non-buffered Solutions 1. Place 20 mL of distilled or deionized water in a 100 mL beaker. Test the pH using a pH meter. Record the pH.2. Using a pipet, add one drop of 0.10 M HCl, stir the solution and again test and record the pH.3. Repeat step 2 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M HCl.4. Repeat steps 1-3 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution.5. Place 20 mL of distilled or deionized water in a 100 mL beaker. Test the pH using a pH meter. Record the pH.6. Using a pipet, add one drop of 0.10 M NaOH, stir the solution and again test the pH and record.7. Repeat step 6 with a second and third drop of 0.10 M NaOH.8. Repeat steps 5-7 with 20 mL of 0.10 M NaCl solution. Part 2: pH Changes in Buffered Solutions 9. To prepare a buffer, use 25 mL graduated cylinder to add 10 mL of 0.10 M HC2H3O2 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaC2H3O2 to a 100 mL beaker.10. Measure the pH of the buffer solution and record.. Add 1 drop of 0.10 M HCl, stir, measure and record the pH.12. Repeat step for two additional drops of 0.10 M HCl.13. Prepare a fresh sample of the HC2H3O2 - C2H3O2- buffer as in step 9.14. Repeat steps and 12 by adding 0.10 M NaOH.15. Prepare a basic buffer by combining 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3 and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NH4Cl in a 100 mL beaker.16. Repeat steps and 12 for this basic buffer solution.17. Repeat step 14 by preparing a fresh sample of the basic buffer and testing it with a dropwise addition of three drops of 0.10 M NaOH. Part 3: Preparation of Buffer of a Given pH 18. Weigh out 1.8 to 2.0 g of a solid acid assigned to you.19. Dissolve the acid in 150 mL of distilled water in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask 1).20. Pour 75 mL of this solution into a second 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask (flask 2), add 2 drops of phenolphthalein solution, and titrate to the phenolphthalein color change with 0.20 M NaOH. Record the volume of titrant. You now have a solution of a weak acid in flask 1, and a solution of the sodium salt of the weak acid (its conjugate base) in the second flask 2. Make the concentrations of the two solutions the same by adding the same volume of distilled water to the acid flask 1 as the volume of NaOH you used to titrate the solution in flask 2.21. Combine 10.0 mL of your weak acid solution in flask 1 with 10.0 mL of the conjugate base solution in flask 2, mix, and measure the pH and record. This is the pKa of the acid.22. Your teacher will assign you the pH of a buffer to prepare. Calculate the volume of weak acid and conjugate base that you will need to prepare 50 mL of a buffer of the assigned pH. 23. Measure out the volumes of acid and conjugate base, mix then measure and record the pH.24.Test your buffer solution to see if it resists changes in pH by measuring 20.0 mL of the and adding 3 drops of 0.10 M HCl, and repeating with 20.0 mL of buffer and 3 drops of NaOH. Record the pH values after each addition. Conclusion Questions: 1. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to distilled water affected its pH.2. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to 0.10 M NaCl solution affected its pH.3. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to the acetic acid-acetate ion buffer affected the pH.4. Discuss how the addition of acid and base to the ammonia-ammonium ion buffer affected the pH.5. Did your prepared buffer match your assigned pH value? Explain.6. Comment on the ability of your prepared buffer to resist the change of pH when acid and base were added in the last step of the investigation. Notice that this lab ultimately requires independent problem-solving skills on the part of the student.You must create your own buffer solution of a certain pH and then test it to see if it’s effective.While the procedure is clearly laid out, it won’t be exactly the same for each person.You could come up with more than one way to make the final buffer solution for any given pH, so the lab is flexible depending on how you think about the problem.This type of lab encourages you to use knowledge of chemistry to solve a problem creatively. All the pieces of the puzzle are there for guided inquiry labs, but you're responsible for putting them together! You'd better hope it's not one of those puzzles with a million blue sky pieces that all look the same. How Are Lab Reports Structured? Ah, lab reports, the not-so-fun part of playing with chemicals.Lab reports might seem daunting, but if you conduct the experiment properly and prepare some parts of your report beforehand, you should be fine. I took the lab guidelines below from a sample syllabus provided by the College Board.It lists ten essential components of an AP Chemistry lab report and shows when each should be completed (before, during, or after the lab is conducted). Your teacher may have slightly different expectations (sometimes you have to list the materials needed for the lab before the procedure, for example), and even those will change slightly depending on the nature of the lab.These are just the components of a standard chemistry lab report to give you an idea of what to expect! To Set Up Your Lab Report, You Will: 1. Write an accurate descriptive title for the lab (i.e. pH Titration Lab)2. Write the date of the lab3. Provide a purpose statement explaining the point of the lab4. Write an outline of the lab procedure (often this is in bullet-point form)5. Answer any pre-lab questions 6. Create data tables that you’ll fill in during the lab During the Lab You Will: 7. Record data from the experiment in a neat, well-organized fashion After the Lab You Will: 8. Show calculations and draw out any corresponding graphs (be sure to label everything correctly!)9. Write a conclusion about your findings (format may vary depending on the lab)10. Answer post-lab error analysis questions Note that you should always write these reports in the 3rd person (i.e. "the solution was titrated" rather than "I titrated the solution"). Lab reports are intended to be objective statements of the facts, so â€Å"I† or â€Å"We† statements will just make them seem less credible! Always use the third person in scientific writing. I mean, look at that dude. He clearly knows way more about chemistry than those other two schmucks. Tips for AP Chemistry Labs Here are some essential tips you should keep in mind during AP Chemistry labs. They'll save you from wasting your time in class and turning in a crappy lab report! Tip #1: Don’t Get Careless If you’re tired or just not feelin’ chemistry one day, the last thing you want to hear is that you’re expected to get out of your chair and do a lab.On those occasions, try to summon your remaining strength to get through the class.If you don’t do a lab correctly the first time, you’ll be in for a lot of trouble when you try to write your report. You know a movie is going to be bad if the director has to say â€Å"we’ll fix it in post-production.† Similarly, if you mess up during the actual experiment, don’t think â€Å"eh - I’ll just fix it in the lab report.† You should do things correctly so that you don’t get the wrong impression of how the lab was conducted and end up struggling on your next test (or handing in data that makes no sense).Redo everything the right way before moving forward! Tip #2: Record Everything Clearly (and Don’t Fudge the Data Later) The most critical part of each lab is data collection.It would be tough to forget to write down all of your data, but sometimes you can end up writing illegibly or organizing results in a way that won’t make sense to you later. Carefully lay out your data tables before starting the experiment so that you have a designated place to record results.Try to write clearly and neatly so there’s no chance of misunderstandings. If your data doesn’t fit with your hypothesis of how the lab was supposed to go, write it down anyways (as long as you don’t think you made any big mistakes in following the procedure).You’ll be able to discuss why your data was wonky in the conclusion section of the report.Don’t get in the habit of faking results - it makes the experiment pointless. Tip #3: Ask for Clarification if Necessary Your teacher is there to help you, so don’t be afraid to use him or her as a resource!If, at any point during the lab, you’re not sure whether you’re conducting the procedure correctly, you should check in with your teacher to verify.This will prevent the nightmare scenario of sitting down to write a lab report and realizing you essentially did a completely different lab and have no usable data. Everyone has the same nightmare when they follow the wrong lab procedure: You're walking through a gloomy forest when suddenly you sense that you're being watched. You hear a haunting whisper, "I tooooold you to use 20 ml of HClllll." You wake up in a cold sweat as you're about to be sacrificed over a Bunsen burner by a coven of AP Chemistry teachers. Conclusion AP Chemistry is a fairly lab-centric course, so you should be prepared to spend a lot of time doing hands-on experiments (at least 25 percent of the class!). The lab requirements are open to some interpretation, but, per the curriculum guidelines, courses must include at least 16 labs total, at least six of which are special "guided inquiry" labs. These are independently-conducted labs where students have greater agency over the procedure and outcome. When conducting labs, you should keep the following tips in mind: 1. Don't Get Careless2. Record Everything Clearly, and Don't Fudge the Data Later3. Ask Your Teacher for Clarification if Necessary Adhering to these tips will make the process of writing a lab report relatively painless later. If you conduct the experiment correctly and have solid data, the only part of the report that you'll need to worry about is the conclusion. The goal of all this lab work is to teach you to apply sound scientific practices across a variety of circumstances. Many questions on the final exam will ask you to analyze experimental scenarios based on your knowledge of lab procedure and chemical properties. In some cases, you might even recognize experiments from class! What's Next? If you're kind of nervous about taking AP Chemistry, take a look at my article analyzing the difficulty level of the course across five different metrics. Are you looking for a good review book? Check out my list of the best AP Chemistry review books available for students this year! Still working on planning out your schedule? Learn more about which science classes you should take in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Did Jesus Really Die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Did Jesus Really Die - Essay Example â€Å"That Jesus really died on the cross needs to be established for various reasons. If Jesus did not die—which is a necessary prelude to rising physically—there can be no forgiveness of sins and eternal life for all who believe in Him† (Rom. 6:1–23; 1 Cor. 15:12–23 cited ion Miller, p.209). The question is how we could explain the empty tomb. Bible testifies to this fact and we do not have any reason not to believe it. The explanation stating that the friends of Jesus took his body and brought it to a safe place in order to protect from outrage is rather convincing. An empty tomb is not a proof of the bodily resurrection. However, Miller doubts that â€Å"Besides, this theory is full of problems. Could the disciples have overpowered Roman guards and stolen the body? Not a chance. Just hours before, they were all scared and abandoned Jesus; and the most fearless, Peter, became fearful and denied Him three, In addition, how could the guards know w ho took the body since they were sleeping?† (Miller, p 19). It is possible to state that the resurrection of physical body does not correspond to the Laws of Creation (Knight, 2001). These Laws are reflected in perfect and unchangeable Will of God. Everything happens in the framework of these laws even if they are not completely studied by the science. Thus, we talk about the cure of an illness as about a miracle only because we still can’t identify the laws, which are the basis of this event. Science is not less than the attempt to understand the Laws of God and use them. Religion and science should be united, they should not contradict each other. However, there are the facts about the life of Christ-like â€Å"The Immaculate Conception† or â€Å"the bodily resurrection of Christ†, which do not correspond to the Laws of Creation and, thus, need reconsideration.  

Adaptive Landcapes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Adaptive Landcapes - Essay Example Besides, Lansing (2009) also affirmed that with the use of ecological simulation, cultural as well as historical analysis modeling, the priests in the temples reflected the manner in which the water can be used in the different landscape of production. Hence, it can be affirmed that the book is a comprehensible narration of technical and social aspects of water management in Bali (Lansing, 2009). Ulun Danu Batur (a.k.a. Pura Ulun Danu Batur) was built during 1926 and is the second most important temple of Bali, which is dedicated to Dewi Danu. The temple comprises of nine different worship areas and contains around 285 different shrines and pavilions. The temple is donated to the goddesses of water, holy springs, and agriculture among other spiritual symbols of Bali. In the Balinese Hindus religion, Dewi Danu is referred as water goddess. She is one of the two ultimate deities of the Bali tradition who commands Balinese lakes, which is an important source of water and sustenance (Bali Safari and Marine Park, n.d.). Green revolution indicates the period between 1940’s until late 60’s, on which, the productivity of the agriculture has significantly increased due to high amount of advancements in the production of chemical fertilizers, artificial herbicides as well as the pesticides. Moreover, the advancements made it possible to increase the productivity of nutrients, which correspondingly increased the yield (Fitzgerald-Moore & Parai, n.d.). GoogleMap. (2015). Map of Mt.Batur. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Mt+Batur,+South+Batur,+Kintamani,+Bangli+Regency+80652,+Indonesia/@-8.2008252,115.3564797,12z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x2dd1f403ce5a1e5d:0x8851b0c51ddaa2eb GoogleMap. (2015). Map of Lake Batur. Retrieved from